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468 SHORT NOTICES July modern historians, that the expedition of 36 B. c. aimed at a complete overthrow of the forces of Parthia, and the theory is propounded that it was a mere razzia into Parthian territory. But the enormous size of the force employed is difficult to reconcile with this interpretation, and the fact that the expedition was postponed from year to year supports rather "than, as Dr. Craven thinks, discredits the view that Antony's aim was an ambitious one. Even if he had not yet formed the idea of setting up a separate kingdom in the East, surely the complete overthrow of Parthia would have given him more prestige in Italy than any raid, however successful. Again, a raid would almost certainly have been directed at some more vulnerable point than an outlying district like Media Atropatane. Antony's route can only be made intelligible if the operations of 36 B.C. were intended to form the prelude to a great invasion of Mesopotamia. The other point occurs on p. 55, where Dr. Craven accepts without discussion the statement of Appian that Antony imposed tribute on the client kings recognized by him. Now, it is practically certain that Judaea paid no tribute to Kome during the reign of Herod, and Tacitus definitely notes that the incorporation of Cappadocia in the Roman Empire by Tiberius meant an increase of revenue (Annals ii. 42). At this date, as we know from the inscription of Aphrodisias (Dittenberger Or. 455), libertas involved immunitas, and it seems improbable that the position of a client state was less favourable than that of a libera civitas within a province. Appian's source may very well have referred to compulsory gifts of money rather than to formal tribute. But even Mommsen is unsatisfactory on this point, and Dr. Craven may well claim to have followed the best authorities. G. H. S. Dr. Arthur Stein, whose essay on the Roman administration of Egypt is well known, has collected the evidence from epigraphic and literary sources relating to the imperial officials employed in Thrace in his Romische Reichsbeamten der Provinz Thracia (Sarajevo : Zemaljska Stamparija 1921), and has made good use of his material. He makes it clear that the province was governed by procurators until the reign of Trajan, who appointed the famous jurisconsult Juventius Celsus as its first praetorian legatus between a.d. 107 and 117. The theory that for military purposes the legatus of Moesia had up till this time exercised authority in Thrace is rightly rejected ; Avidius Quietus, who acted as deductor in establishing veterans of the Eighth Legion at Deultum, and is described as legatus Augusti, had doubtless been in command of the legion in question. Dr. Stein examines the evidence for the formation of the provinciae of the Hellespont and Chersonese, and seems to be right in attributing the former measure to Domitian and the latter to Hadrian. He shows that the towns of chief importance were Philippopolis, as the seat of the Kotvbv twv ®paK<ov } and Perinthus, as the residence of the governor, and has some interesting remarks on the spread of Greek speech and custom in Thrace. W. M. Augustin Fliche has followed up his work on the Pregregorians, which appeared in 1916, with a volume on Saint Gregoire VII (Paris : Lecoffre, 1920). Written for a popular series (' Les Saints ') it does not