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the effects of its rider's hands and legs. The trainer, at the beginning of the horse's education, asks a movement perfectly easy to perform. The horse fails to understand what is wanted of him, refuses, and is brutally whipped.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Equitation_images_fig-081.jpg/300px-Equitation_images_fig-081.jpg)
But the whipping does not make him understand anything that he did not know before. So he again refuses; and is again whipped. Thereupon the trainer passes to another movement. But the punishment is engraved on the animal's memory. What is more,