was still restricted. The University of Durham was established in 1833. In 1836 the University of London, as an examining and degree-giving body, received its first charter. A series of important Colleges, giving education of a University type, arose in the greater towns of England and Wales. The next step was the formation of federal Universities. The Victoria University, in which the Colleges of Manchester, Liverpool and Leeds were associated, received its charter in 1880. The Colleges of Aberystwyth, Bangor, and Cardiff were federated in the University of Wales, which dates from 1893. The latest development has been the institution of the great urban Universities. The foundation of the University of Birmingham hastened an event which other causes had already prepared. The federal Victoria University has been replaced by three independent Universities, those of Manchester, Liverpool, and Leeds. Lastly, a charter has recently been granted to the University of Sheffield. Then the University of London has been reconstituted; it is no longer only an Examining Board; it is also a teaching University, comprising a number of recognised schools in and around London. Thus in England and Wales there are now no fewer than ten teaching Universities. Among the newer institutions, there are some varieties of type. But, so far as the new Universities in great cities are concerned, it may be said that they are predominantly scientific, and also that they devote special attention to the needs of practical life, professional, industrial and
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