§ 2.—Primitive man and the supernatural
The first point on which we fasten is the priest’s title. Why was he called the King of the Wood? why was his office spoken of as a Kingdom?[1]
The union of a royal title with priestly duties was common in ancient Italy and Greece. At Rome and in other Italian cities there was a priest called the Sacrificial King or King of the Sacred Rites (Rex Sacrificulus or Rex Sacrorum), and his wife bore the title of Queen of the Sacred Rites.[2] In republican Athens the second magistrate of the state was called the King, and his wife the Queen; the functions of both were religious.[3] Many other Greek democracies had titular kings, whose duties, so far as they are known, seem to have been priestly.[4] At Rome the tradition was that the Sacrificial King had been appointed after the expulsion of the kings in order to offer the sacrifices which had been previously offered by the kings.[5] In Greece a similar view appears to have prevailed as to the origin of the priestly kings.[6] In itself the view is not improbable, and it is borne out by the example of Sparta, the only purely Greek state which retained the kingly form of government in historical times. For in Sparta all state sacrifices were offered by the kings as descendants of the god.[7] This combination of priestly functions with royal authority is familiar to every one. Asia Minor, for example, was the seat of various great religious capitals peopled
- ↑ See above, p. 4, note 1.
- ↑ Marquardt, Römische Staatsverwaltung, iii.2 321 sqq.
- ↑ G. Gilbert, Handbuch der griechischen Staatsalterthümer, i. 241 sq.
- ↑ Gilbert, op. cit. ii. 323 sq.
- ↑ Livy, ii. 2, i; Dionysius Halic. iv. 74, 4.
- ↑ Demosthenes, contra Neaer. § 74, p. 1370. Plutarch, Quaest. Rom. 63.
- ↑ Xenophon, Repub. Lac. c. 15, cp. id. 13; Aristotle, Pol. iii. 14, 3.
