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BAH
176
CHAPTER
IT.
LAND TENURES. of the ancient tenures doilbtf ul— Thetennrea now mainly talttqdari-^ Their growth grants of waste lands to nominees of the Government Examples— Or (2) tO dOiH' missions granted to oflBcers selected for the administration of the country Examples Or Or (4) a lordship would (3) in a grant by the State of a certain percentage of the revenue be evolved out of a coparcenary community Examples Or (5) the taluqdar has been superimposed over the zamindars Talnqdari estates in Eahraich classed— Their origin— Occasionally separated from the parent estate Primogeniture and the Hindu law of par-
The nature due to
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tition The Raihwdri complex muhdls Origin of biris Rights acquired by the birtia Large sums paid for these birts Security of tenures The independent position of Birts given by the Janwars Specimen Birt deed Charitable birtias in certain cases birts Dih, its nature— Specially mentioned in deeds of sale J)ih in some peculiar cases of m.ortgages— Significance of this Ndnhdr the same as in other districts MdnkAr Delii Lessees' Nankar or Ohahdrum Ndrikdr tanihwdhi Ohahdrum and daswant Their origin in clearing leases Sir Its nature, extent, &c. Its wide signification Compared with the relics of commonable properties in England The parallel of the common mark Groves Two classes of tenures Class I Class II The extent of rights in ponds Minor zamindari riglits Anjuri Biswa The status of the muqaddam Qaasi-^nuqaddams In the khdlsa prescription availed^Chaudhris— Customary freehold in the west— Period during which the courts have been open The numbers of claims moderate Eesuit of this part of the litigation Sub-settlements Very few claims in the northern jparganas Reason of this The condition in the southern parganas diflferent^The claims Bahraieh and Ikauna Results of the litigation iu sub-settlements Shares Sir in taluqa —Claims withheld Reasons for this Result of claims to sir, nankar, tfcc, in taluqas No right of any kind decreed in 1,522 ta.luqdari villages Birts, small holdings— Character of the litigation The realizable revised demand Will be increased by the rasadi jamas and by resumption of revenue-free holdings Incidence of the revised demand Area under perpetual assessment Confiscation and loyal grants Statement of reve nue survey of the district^Statement of lands confiscated by British Government in 1868 A. D. List of taluqdars of the district, with the names of their estates Amount of area and jama.*
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The
comparatively deserted and waste condition of the country on this side of the Gogra in olden times may account for the The nature of the absence of any traces of the more ancient land tenures district. Portions of it were cleared of the ^^^ ^^i^ ces'sarily doubtful!" jungle only to be deserted once more, when the effects of the climate, the attacks of wild animals, and predatory habits of the woodmen of the north, had rendered the struggle with the forest an Of the northern tracts, such an account would almost hopeless task. certainly be true until a very recent date, and it is therefore not to be wondered at, that in this part of the district there is absolutely no vestige remaining of the proprietary system which was prevalent in bygone days. In all probability no such fixity of residence was ever obtained by any of the bodies of the colonists as to generate even any definite system of collective property, much less any recognition of individual ownership. Where land was so plentiful and ploughs so few, there could have been but little necessity for any but the most simple rules for the definition of each man's right, and the regulation of the agricultural affairs of the
community.
- The tenures of Bahraioh are treated at great length in the settlement report,
and the information there given has been largely transferred to these pages, as it applies with more or less exactness to tlie districts of Gonda and Kheri also.
