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444 MAL of Mallánwán, who appear to have apportioned the villages of this par- gana amongst themselves just as they pleased." Mauza Berhwal.--"Whenever there was any transfer of rights, real or pretended, in this pargana, the papers always changed hands, whatever may have become of the village. I do not remember an instance to the contrary. Papers were often sold and mortgaged alone, but the village was never sold without the papers if there were any. In this pargana there was often a fresh qubúliatdar for each year. No one's proprietary rights here were very clear." Mariza Dakhile Kassic.-" In this pargana the white-coated chaudhris and qánúngoes ignore all Kurmis and residents of villages except when they are powerful thákurs. They used to divide the pargana between themselves." Marza Dúádpur.--" This village was the ancestral property of plaintiff No. 1, They very likely sold it and mortgaged it four or five times, but these transactions and the deeds which record them are to my mind not worthy of consideration at all. These transfers in Mallánwán pargana were merely intended to give a plausible colour to other transactions in Luck- now. In Mallánwan Government recognized no property in the soil whatever; it was the Nawabi sir, in which Government was entitled to the full balances after the expenses of cultivation, and the cultivator's sustenance had been provided for. No one thought he was selling when be signed one of these purchase deeds, and the vendee never thought he was acquiring a title. These deeds were a means among others of gaining a temporary footing in the village, and that was all they were intended for," At annexation Mallánwán was chosen as the civil head-quarters of the Mallánwán now Hardoi district. MALLÁNWAN-Pargana MALLÁNWAN—Tahsil BILGRAM-District HARDOT Latitude 27°3' North, longitude 80" 11' east.) is in popula- tion fourteenth in the list of Oudh towns, and third among the towns of the Hardoi district. It gives its name to the Mallániwán pargana. Its population (11,670) is lodged in 180 brick and 1,538 mud houses, and distributed in six wards or muhallas named Bhagwantnagar, Gurdasganj, Pathán Tola, Uacha Tola, Nusratnagar,and Qázi Tola. It lies on the old route from Cawapore to Sitapur being 38 miles north of the former and 44 miles south of the latter. From Bilgram it is ten miles nearly south, and from Hardoi 21 miles south. Tieffenthaler (A.D. 1765) found it. "A small town mostly built of brick, thickly peopled, surrounded by trees. fort built partly of mud, partly of bricks, and having towers." Tennant, in the beginning of the present century, describes it as "a very. large village ; in length fully two miles. The inhabitants are numerous, but the town is mean and irregular, consisting almost entirely of small mud huts." It has a • By Mr. A. H. Harington, C.S., Assistant Commissioner,