Page:General History of Europe 1921.djvu/819

Origin of the War of 1914 609 in May preliminaries of peace were signed in London in which Turkey turned over Macedonia and Crete to the Balkan allies. 1106. The Second Balkan War (1913) over the Spoils of the First. But Serbia, Bulgaria, and Greece were all jealous of one another, and the division of the booty led immediately to Bul- garia's turning around to wage war on Greece and Serbia. There was a month of frightful war (July, 1913), and then the Bul- garians, defeated on all sides, for even the Turks recovered Adrianople and the Rumanians invaded on the east, agreed to consider peace, and delegates met in Bucharest, the capital of Rumania. 1107. Treaty of Bucharest (1913). The treaties concluded at Bucharest between the Balkan kingdoms disposed of practically all of Turkey's possessions in Europe. The Sultan was left with Constantinople and a small area to the west, including the im- portant fortress of Adrianople. The great powers, particularly Austria, had insisted that Albania should be made an independent state, so as to prevent Serbia's getting a port on the Adriatic. The rest of the former Turkish possessions were divided up be- tween Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Montenegro. Greece got the important port of Salonica and the island of Crete as well as a considerable area in Macedonia. Bulgaria was extended to the yEgean Sea on the south. Serbia was nearly doubled in area, and Montenegro as well. 1108. Revival of Rivalry between Austria-Hungary and Russia. The Balkan wars revived all the old bitter rivalry be- tween Austria-Hungary and Russia and led, as we shall see, to a general European conflict unprecedented in the annals of history. The government at Vienna was largely controlled by the German element, and it did all it could to keep the Slavic population in Bohemia and Moravia and, to the east, the Ruthenians in a condition of political subordination. In Hungary the Magyar nobility asserted their supremacy as against the Slovaks and Rumanians within the Hungarian boundary on the north and east and the Slavonians and Croats to the south. Both the Slavs to