Page:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar (1910 Kautzsch-Cowley edition).djvu/320

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[i] 4. A number of forms standing in very close relation to the demonstrative pronoun may be regarded as primitive adverbs, since they arise directly from a combination of demonstrative sounds. Some of these have subsequently suffered great mutilation, the extent of which, however, can now very rarely be ascertained with certainty. Such are e.g. אָו then, הֵ֫נָּה here (according to Barth, Sprachwiss. Abhandlungen, p. 16, formed from the two demonstrative elements hin and na), כֵּן, כָּ֫כָה thus (cf. אֵיכָה, אֵֽיכָכָה, how?), אַךְ only, אָכֵן truly (on all these adverbs, see the Lexicon), and especially the interrogative הֲ (Hē interrogativum), e.g. הֲלֹא (Dt 3¹¹ הֲלֹה) nonne?, הֲגַם num etiam? This Hē interrogativum is perhaps shortened from הַל, which is still used in Arabic, and, according to the view of a certain school of Masoretes, occurs also in Hebrew in Dt 32⁶.^[1]

[k] The ה interrogative takes—(1) Ḥaṭeph-Pathaḥ generally before non-gutturals (even before ר), with a firm vowel, e.g. הֲשַׂ֫מְתָּ hast thou set? see the interrogative clause, § 150 c (הַיִּיטַב Lv 10¹⁹ is an exception).

[l] (2) Before a consonant with Š^ewâ, usually Pathaḥ without a following Dageš forte, e.g. הַֽבֲרָכָה Gn 27³⁸, cf. 18¹⁷, 29⁵, 30¹⁵, 34³¹; less frequently (in about ten passages), Pathaḥ with a following Dageš forte, e.g. הַבְּדֶרֶךְ num in via, Ez 20³⁰, הַלְּבֶן Gn 17¹⁷, 18²¹, 37³², Nu 13¹⁹, Jb 23⁶; even in ר, 1 S 10²⁴, 17²⁵, 2 K 6³².

[m] (3) Before gutturals, not pointed with either Qameṣ or Ḥaṭeph-Qameṣ, it takes Pathaḥ, e.g. הַֽאֵלֵךְ shall I go?, הַֽאַתָּה num tu?, הַאִם num si; הַֽאֶרְצֶה Mal 1¹³; also in Ju 6³¹ read הַֽאַתֶּם (not הָֽא׳), likewise הַ in Ju 12⁵, Jer 8¹⁹, Neh 6¹¹.—In הָאִישׁ Nu 16²², the Masora intends the article; read הַאִישׁ, and cf. Dt 20¹⁹; in Ec 3²¹ read הַֽעֹלָה and הֲיֹרֶדֶת; the article is a correction due to doctrinal considerations.

[n] (4) The ה takes S^eghôl before gutturals pointed with Qameṣ or (as in Ju 9⁹ ff.) Ḥaṭeph-Qameṣ, e.g. הֶֽאָמוּר Mi 2⁷; הֶאָֽנֹכִי Jb 21⁴; הֶהָֽיְתָה Jo 1²; הֶֽהָשֵׁב Gn 24⁵ (cf. the analogous instances in § 22 c, § 35 k, § 63 k). The place of this interrogative particle is always at the beginning of the clause [but see Jb 34³¹, Neh 13²⁷, Jer 22¹⁵, where one or more words are prefixed for emphasis].

[o] 5. Some adverbs occur also in connexion with suffixes, thus יֶשְׁךָ thou art there, 3rd sing. masc. יֶשְׁנוֹ^[2] (but see note below), 2nd plur. masc. יֶשְׁבֶם; אֵינֶ֫נִּי I am not, 2nd sing. אֵֽינְךָ, fem. אֵינֵךְ, 3rd sing. אֵינֶ֫נּוּ, fem. אֵינֶ֫נָּה, 2nd plur. אֵֽינְכֶם, 3rd plur. masc. אֵינָם.—Also עוֹדֶ֫נִּי I am yet (עוֹדִי only in בְּעוֹדִי and מֵֽעוֹדִי), עֽוֹדְךָ, עוֹדָךְ, עוֹדֵ֫ינוּ (La 4¹⁷ Q^erê; עוֹדֶ֫ינָה

↑ The separation of the ה at the beginning of Dt 32⁶, expressly noticed by Qimḥi (ed. Rittenb., p. 40 b) as an unique instance, is perhaps a protestagainst admitting a particle הַל.
↑ This form, which occurs in Dt 29¹⁴, 1 S 14³⁹, 23²³, Est 3⁸, is textually very doubtful, and cannot be supported by the equally doubtful קָבְנוֹ (for קֻבֶּ֫נּוּ) Nu 23¹³. Most probably, with Stade, Gramm., § 370 b, and P. Haupt, SBOT. Numbers, p. 57, line 37, we should read יֵשֶׁ֫נּוּ.

[1] The separation of the ה at the beginning of Dt 32⁶, expressly noticed by Qimḥi (ed. Rittenb., p. 40 b) as an unique instance, is perhaps a protestagainst admitting a particle הַל.

[2] This form, which occurs in Dt 29¹⁴, 1 S 14³⁹, 23²³, Est 3⁸, is textually very doubtful, and cannot be supported by the equally doubtful קָבְנוֹ (for קֻבֶּ֫נּוּ) Nu 23¹³. Most probably, with Stade, Gramm., § 370 b, and P. Haupt, SBOT. Numbers, p. 57, line 37, we should read יֵשֶׁ֫נּוּ.

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