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348 WORKMEN AND HEROES changed into a new phase of strength. Fremont's popular vote was 1,341,000 against 1,838,000 for Buchanan and 874,000 for Fillmore (Know-Nothing). Fremont received 114 electoral votes, and Buchanan 174. When the Civil War broke out, in 1861, Fremont was in Europe. He of- fered his services to the Government at once, and was appointed one of the four major-generals of the regular army, and given his choice of a command at the East or the West. He chose the West. "Who holds the Mississippi will hold the country by the heart," he said. His headquarters were at St. Louis, where secession was rampant. " You must use your own judgment," wrote President Lincoln, " and do the best you can. I doubt if the States will ever come back." Fremont's policy differed from Lincoln's essentially ; it lacked that patient, con- ciliatory spirit with the South which made it hard for many at the North to ap- prove of the compromising policy of the Chief Executive, seeking to hold the neu- tral States from seceding. Fremont's hatred of the rebellion led him to deal with it just as he would have done with a mutiny on a perilous expedition. He proclaimed martial law. Rebels were to pay some penalty for rebellion rebel newspapers were silenced and what was the notable feature of Fremont's admin- istration the slaves of those in arms against the Government were declared eman- cipated ; his emancipation proclamation antedating Lincoln's of September 22, 1862, by a little more than a year. But Fremont's policy was censured rather than approved by the country at large. Petty intrigues of officers in close rela- tion with the Cabinet did much to defeat his plans. His fleet of gunboats was called a useless extravagance his staff "the California Gang." His emancipa- tion proclamation was pronounced premature and unwise by Lincoln, and re- voked. Fremont again was the cause of an intense public partisanship " Fre- mont's career at the West was brief," says "Patton's Concise History of the United States," " only one hundred days ; but, being a man of military instincts and training, he showed in that time a sagacity which was not allowed fair practi- cal development. In that brief time he was the first to suggest and inaugurate the following practices, then widely decried, but without which the war would not have been successfully concluded : the free use of cavalry (strongly opposed by General Scott and others) ; exchange of prisoners with the enemy ; fortifica- tion of large cities, to allow armies to take the field ; building of river gunboats for the interior operations at the West ; and the emancipation of the slaves. In short, he contributed more than is generally credited to him." "To get rid of Fremont," says Major-General Sigel, " the good prospects and honor of the army were sacrificed to the jealousy of successful rivals." Fremont was relieved of his command in 1861, and shortly after appointed commander of the Mountain Dis- trict of Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee, where he did most honorable service, Stonewall Jackson retreating before him after eight days' sharp skirmishing, end- ing in the battle of Gross Keys. Upon the appointment of General Pope as Commander of the Army of Vir ginia, making him Fremont's superior officer, Fremont asked to be relieved ; his request was granted.