Aristotle's biology So the embryo has not all the characters of the species from the beginning, nor does it possess its full endowment of soul or life, but develops gradually. Its development continues after birth, — the child exhibiting a larger propor- tion of generic animal qualities, and a less proportion of those distinctly human: " In the great majority of animals there are traces of psychical qualities or attitudes, which qualities are more markedly differentiated in the case of human beings. For just as we pointed out resemblances in physical organs, so in a number of animals we observe gentleness or fierceness, courage or timidity, fear or confi- dence, high spirit or low cunning, and with regard to intelligence, something equivalent to sagacity. Some of these qualities in man, as compared with the corresponding qualities in animals, differ only quantitatively. , . , [This] will be more clearly apprehended if we regard the phenomena of childhood; for in children may be observed the traces and seeds of what will one day be settled psychological habits, though psychologically a child hardly differs for the time being from an animal; so that one is quite justified in saying that, as regards man and animals, certain psychical qualities
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