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“when” the word was used; the “circumstances” when it was used; “to whom” it was used; and when the user was using it, whether there were any “objectives” that could be seen objectively.

108. As to context, Edward Leung Tin-kei (梁天琦) (“Leung”), leader of the “localist” group Hong Kong Indigenous, was the one who improvised the Slogan in question and put the compound words together to create the 8-word Chinese Slogan. After considering the words used by Leung in 2016 at his campaign rally for the New Territories East By-election on 20 February 2016 (video footages and also a leaflet found by Professor Lau in his research[1]), Professor Lau opined that the meaning of the words in question on 1 July 2020 was not significantly different from the meaning intended to be conveyed by Leung.

109. Professor Lau pointed out that at the campaign rally for the New Territories East By-election, Leung publicly expressed the following political agenda:

“He [Wong Toi-yeung] spoke to me [Leung Tin-kei] about the need for resistance with bravery and violence, to bring down this Hong Kong Communist regime, to bring a change to all the Hong Kong people, and ultimately to build a country of (our) own. This is what he told me. Upon hearing that, I said ‘Correct!’”

110. According to Professor Lau, by recounting his dialogue with Wong Toi-yeung, Leung clearly expressed the thought of “building a country of (our) own”; this utterance actually summarized Leung’s


  1. Exhibit P202, P202-A.