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EARLY ARAB GEOGRAPHERS.

of Bághara,^[1] in India; the bay of Zábaj, in the dominions of the Maharáj, and the gulfs of the aghyáb [aghbáb], which extend towards the island of Sarandíb [Ceylon]. Crocodiles live more particularly in sweet water, and, as we have said, in the estuaries of India, the water of which is for the most part sweet, because the streams which form them are derived from the rains.
CHAPTER XVI.—The king of India is the Balhará; the king of Kanauj, who is one of the kings of Sind, is Bauüra;^[2] this is a title common to all kings of Kanauj. There is also a city called Bauüra, after its princes, which is now in the territories of Islám, and is one of the dependencies of Múltán. Through this town passes one of the (five) rivers, which form together the river Mihrán in Sind, which is considered by al-Jáhiz as derived from the Nile, and by others from the Jaihún of Khurásán. This Bauüra, who is the king of Kanauj, is an enemy of the Balhará, the king of India. The king of Kandahár, who is one of the kings of Sind and its mountains, is called Hahaj; this name is common to all sovereigns of that country. From his dominions comes the river Raíd, one of the five rivers which form the Mihrán of Sind. Kandahár is called the country of the Rahbút [Rájput?]. Another river of the five is called Bahátil, it comes also from the mountains of Sind, and runs through

↑ [This must be intended for “Balhará,” in whose kingdom Sindábúr seems to have been situated.]
↑ [ɣبؤور This name is so given in the Paris edition, but Sprenger reads it “Búdah;” and the reference immediately afterwards to a place of the same name among the dependencies of Múltán, can hardly refer to any other than the country commonly called Budha. General Cunningham says this name “is said by Gildemeister to be written Bovara in the original, for which he proposes to read Povara for the well-known Pourava. From the King of Oudh's Dictionary two different spellings are quoted, as Porán and Forán; while in Ferishta the name is either Korrah, as written by Dow, or Kuwar, as written by Briggs. In Abu’l Feda the name is Noda. Now as the name, of which so many readings have just been given, was that of the king's family or tribe, I believe we may almost certainly adopt Tovara as the true reading according t one spelling, and Torah according to the other. In the Sanskrit Incriptions of the Gwalior dynasty the word is invariably spelt Tomara. Kharg Rai writes Tomár [To’ar?], which is much the same as Col. Tod's Tudr, and the Tuvár of the Kumaon and Garhwál MSS. Lastly, in Gladwin's Ayín Akbari, I find Tenore and Toonoor, for which I presume the original has Tunwar and Tanwar. From a comparison of all these various readings, I conclude that the family name of the Raja of Kanauj in A.D. 915, when M as’údi visited India, was, in all probability, Tovar or Tomar”. Genl. Cunningham's Archæological Report, Journ. As. Soc, Bengal, 1864.]

[1] [This must be intended for “Balhará,” in whose kingdom Sindábúr seems to have been situated.]

[2] [ɣبؤور This name is so given in the Paris edition, but Sprenger reads it “Búdah;” and the reference immediately afterwards to a place of the same name among the dependencies of Múltán, can hardly refer to any other than the country commonly called Budha. General Cunningham says this name “is said by Gildemeister to be written Bovara in the original, for which he proposes to read Povara for the well-known Pourava. From the King of Oudh's Dictionary two different spellings are quoted, as Porán and Forán; while in Ferishta the name is either Korrah, as written by Dow, or Kuwar, as written by Briggs. In Abu’l Feda the name is Noda. Now as the name, of which so many readings have just been given, was that of the king's family or tribe, I believe we may almost certainly adopt Tovara as the true reading according t one spelling, and Torah according to the other. In the Sanskrit Incriptions of the Gwalior dynasty the word is invariably spelt Tomara. Kharg Rai writes Tomár [To’ar?], which is much the same as Col. Tod's Tudr, and the Tuvár of the Kumaon and Garhwál MSS. Lastly, in Gladwin's Ayín Akbari, I find Tenore and Toonoor, for which I presume the original has Tunwar and Tanwar. From a comparison of all these various readings, I conclude that the family name of the Raja of Kanauj in A.D. 915, when M as’údi visited India, was, in all probability, Tovar or Tomar”. Genl. Cunningham's Archæological Report, Journ. As. Soc, Bengal, 1864.]

[1]

[2]