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406 HARVARD LAW REVIEW. borne, formerly Sir Roundell Palmer, who was one of the counsel in the Geneva Arbitration in 1871, and author of the Judicature Act of 1873, and Sir William Grove. Of the Court of Appeal the head, ex officio, is Lord Chief Justice Coleridge, with a salary of ^8,000. He very seldom sits in this court, but generally in his own court at jury trial, or as senior of a divisional court of the Queen's Bench Division. He was Solicitor General under Gladstone in 1868, and later Attorney General. In 1873 he was offered the position of Master of the Rolls, but refused it, Sir George Jessel obtaining it. He then became Chief Justice of Common Pleas, and in 1880 Lord Chief Justice. He administers the law with great boldness and freedom, and between him and Lord Esher there is great rivalry. In the absence of Coleridge, Lord Esher presides over the Court of Appeals, with a salary of ^6,000. He was formerly Mr. Justice Brett, and is a conservative in politics ; he has little patience for theory and innovation, but is opposed to fine distinctions, basing his decisions on common sense ; he was a great oarsman in college, and has a large knowledge of nautical and mercantile affairs. He was made Lord Esher in 1880, and Master of the Rolls in 1883. Of the judges of Court of Appeal, with a salary of ,£5,000, Lindley, L.J., is author of Lindley on Partnership. Bowen, L.J., is a typical scholar, well known as a translator of Virgil. Lopes, L.J., who was a member of Parliament until 1876, is a solid judge without a brilliant reputation, and has served his fifteen years, after which time a judge be- comes entitled to a pension. Kay, L.J., is the latest judge appointed, having had a great reputation as a puisne Chancery Justice. Of the fourteen judges of the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice, with a salary of ,£5,000, Mr. Justice Hawkins is of most varied talents, with a shining reputation for political oratory, a lover of sport, and with a keen sense of humor. He is always ex- pected to act with some disregard of ordinary rules. He was formerly counsel in the famous Tichborne case. Mr. Justice Denman, who succeeded Mr. Justice Willes, was member of Parliament from 1859 to 1872. Baron Pollock, who is a son of the Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer, succeeded Baron Channell in 1873. He, Lord Esher, and Lord Coleridge are the only ones of the present judges who sat in the old courts of Westminster. Of the five Chancery judges, Mr. Justice Romer and Mr. Justice Stirling were distinguished scholars and senior wranglers. Mr. Justice Chitty, is well known as an athlete, and has for some years been judge of the university boat-races. LECTURE NOTES. [These notes were taken by students from lectures delivered as part of the regular course of in- struction in the School. They present, therefore, no carefully formulated statements of doctrine, but only such informal ^expressions of opinion as are usually put forward in the class-room. For the form of these notes the lecturers are not responsible.] Proof in Bankruptcy on Joint Obligations {From Professor Ames Lectures). — Suppose that A and B are jointly liable to C on a bond for $10,000. 1. Where both A and B are insolvent, what are the rights of C as to proof in bankruptcy? It is settled law that if C has received no dividends from either estate, he may prove for the full amount against each, receiving in dividends