becomes 50 cents, 1$600 becomes $1.60. Of course this method is not available when commercial precision is required.
The rendering of the proper names in the translation has required attention. The author himself evidently gave this matter little or no thought, for some of the names are in the original, while most of them are given their Portuguese form. Thus the Italian names Luigi, Giovanni, and Girolamo are given by him as Luiz, João, and Jeronymo. Assuming that one's name is his name in his mother tongue, and without making any very nice discriminations, it has seemed best to use in the translation the original names of the persons referred to. When they are Portuguese, therefore, the Portuguese names are used, when they are Italian the Italian names are used, and when they are Spanish the Spanish names are used. A few exceptions have been made, however, in the cases of persons whose names are well established in English works, such as Charles V and Clement III. The Spanish name Alfonso is Affonso in Portuguese, and though the difference is slight it exists. The Portuguese King Dom João III is spoken of by his own name by Dr. Henry Charles Lea, and this usage has been adhered to in spite of the fact that it might have been somewhat easier to call him King John. Dom Joao is what he was called at home. The names of Fernando and Isabel are now quite as well established as Ferdinand and Isabella- names given them by English writers. It seems to be impossible entirely to avoid inconsistencies in the adjustment of the proper names, but it is hoped that extremes have been avoided.
Names of places have been left in their original forms, except in the case of Lisbon, which is called Lisboa by the Portuguese.
An outline map of Portugal and of southwestern Spain is inserted for the purpose of enabling readers more readily to locate places mentioned in the text. The map contains little more than the names of the places in Portugal that are mentioned in the text.
In revising the translation I had the cordial help of Professor Edward M. Hulme, then of the University of Idaho, now of Stanford. Professor Hulme kindly read the entire work, and has not only prevented errors in the translation of technical terms, but he has enabled me to escape much of that rigidity into which translations are likely to fall, and which could not have been avoided without his able and sympathetic co-operation.
