Page:History of Corea, ancient and modern; with description of manners and customs, language and geography (1879).djvu/283

THE NAME CHINA. 259 It is generally believed that the Kin dynasty gave its origin to the name China. The Chin dynasty is more likely, as far as pronunciation of the name goes, — ^for the word Kin is pronoimced Jin (sometimes, but erroneously, written Chin), only since the down, the 'Emperor' Dadiog (a.d. 1161—) built splendid palaces with extensive temples, the rains of which form the ' Doongking' of Ninguta." The Kin history states that 1000 11 north-east of Shangking, was Woogwo chnng, — ^the city of the Five Kingdoms. The Ming history locates Woogwo chungy in lands more than 1000 li north of San wan wei, and states that the name is derived from the fact that there were five kingdoms there. There is a Woogwo chnng in the neighbourhood of Sanhing. "As Kin history states that Hooligai Ijoo was over 500 li north-east of Whining foo, it must necessarily be where the Hoorha falls into the Dakiang," or " Great Biver." We have the following dear facts : that Jaochow was east of the Hwnntoong River, and some of the lands under its care touched the Heiloong Kiang ; that the Kin Shangking was 550 li east of it ; that Pooyii Loo, 700 north of Shangking, was wholly or partly north of the Whuntoong ; that Hiipin Loo, 1570 li south-east of Shangking was west of the Hwuntoong, — ^and a note states that the south-east border of Httpin Loo would touch the north-west of Hingking; Htipin Loo would theeifore be in the region of the present Kirin ; that Holan Loo was 1800 li south-east of Shangking on the north Corean border, from which it was then 500 li distant ; and that Hooligai Loo was east of Shangking 630 li, and north-east of Httpin Loo 1100 li, while Ninguta is supposed to be in what was a portion of HooligaL We are thus compelled at once to throw the Corean Whining foo aside, and to pronounce Shangking to be outside the land which was originally under Kin. It is distinctly stated in Kin history that Whining foo was over the District cities of Whining, Yichwun, and Chttjiang; also that the rivers Hoo and Hwuntoong or Songari, with several of the northern peaks of ChongbaiBhan were in Whining hien,which therefore must be placed at the point where the Songari and Hoorka head waters are nearest, and also so that part of Changbaishan be south of it. Chttjiang is again said to have been immediately to the south-west of Ninguta. Hence Whining foo cannot have been distant. There are great difficulties however in the way of locating it beside Ninguta, for it is " 1800 U north-west of Holan Loo," which is again '* 500 north-west of Gaoli." But in the history of Liaotung, the sea, where the Toomun enters it, is said to be " right south of Ninguta and distant over 1000 H;" and at Sikota than, south-east of Ninguta, the sea is distant only 1600 li. We feel compelled therefore to give up the fine old ruins beside Ninguta. Again the regions east of the Hoorka were "uncivilised,'* those west of it "civilised," because subject to the Liao. And Shangking was originally the Whining chow of Liao. Hence we must look for it west of the Hoorka. Jaochow is east of Hwuntoong at Petuna, and 500 oddli west of Shangking,which would throw Shangking into the not distant neighbourhood of Ninguta; and renders probable the tradition that the Shaling, 100 li west of Ninguta, is the site of Shangking, My own impression from various oonfiicting notices is, that there were two Shangkings. The first at Shaling, •which was the actual capital for a time, and from which the above measurements were taken, fell into ruins during the southward march of conquest of the Kin. Then the