Page:History of Greece Vol III.djvu/69

TRICKS, IMIRATRIES, GEXTES, ETC. 53 posed of the naukrars, or principal householders (so the etymology seems to indicate), who levy in each respective district the quota of public contributions which belongs to it, and superintend the disbursement, provide the military force incumbent upon the district, being for each naukrary two horsemen and one ship, and furnish the chief district-officers, the prytanes of the naukra- ri.' A certain number of foot soldiers, varying according to the demand, must probably be understood as accompanying these horsemen, but the quota is not specified, as it was perhaps thought unnecessary to limit precisely the obligations of any except the wealthier men who served on horseback, at a period when oli- garchical ascendency was paramount, and when the bulk of the people was in a state of comparative subjection. The forty-eight naukraries are thus a systematic subdivision of the four tribes, embracing altogether the whole territory, population, contributions, and military force of Attica, a subdivision framed exclusively for purposes connected with the entire state. But the phratries and gentes are a distribution completely differ- ent from this. They seem aggregations of small primitive unities into larger; they are independent of, and do not presuppose, the tribe ; they arise separately and spontaneously, without precon- certed uniformity, and without reference to a common political pur- 1 About the naukraries, see Aristot. Fragment. Rerum Public, p. 89, ed Neumann ; ILirpokration, vv, A^ap^of, KavKpaputu ; Photius, v, Nar/cpa- pia; Pollux, viii, 108; Schol. nd Aristoph. Xubes, 37. Ot Trpvruveif TUV Xavicpupuv, Herodot. v, 71 : they conducted the military proceedings in resistance to the usurpation of Kylon. The statement that each naukrary was obliged to furnish one ship can hardly be true of the time before Solon : as Pollux states it, we should be led to conceive that he only infers it from the name vavupapof (Pollux, viii, 108), though the real etymology seems rather to be from vaiu (Vachsmnth, Ilellen. Alt. sect. 44, p. 240). There may be some ground for believing that the old meaning, also, of the word vavrijf connected it with vaiu ; such a supposition would smooth the difficulty ia regard to the functions of the vav~66iicai as judges in cases of illicit admission into the phratores. See Hesychius and Harpokration, v, tiavrodiKai ; and Baumstark, De Curator!- bus Emporii, Friburg, 1828, p. 67, seq.: compare, also, the fragment of the Solonian law, fj lepwv opyluv y vavrai, which Nicbuhr conjecturally corrects. Horn. Gesch. V. i, p. 323, 2d ed. : Hesychius, Kavari/pie oi o'lKirai. See Pollux, Xai/ov, and Lobeck, 'P^/uan/cdv, sect. 3, p. 7; 'Aetvavrat irapt ? Plutarch, Qtu-cst. Graec. c. 32, p. 298.