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INVASIONS SANCTIONED BY THE CALIPHS 3 year 39 A. H. (659 A. D.), in the caliphate of Ali ibn Abu-Salib, Haras ibn Marra-al-Abdi went with the sanction of the caliph to the same frontier as a vol- unteer. He was victorious, got plunder, made cap- OSMAN. ABU BAKU. ALI. OMAR. SEALS OF EARLY CALIPHS. tives, and distributed a thousand heads in one day. He and all but a few of those who were with him were slain in the land of Kikan in the year 42 A. H. (662 A. D.). Kikan is in Sind near the frontiers of Khorasan. In the year 44 A. H. (664 A. D.), and in the days of the Caliph Mu'awiya, Muhallab ibn Abu-Safra made
