154 LOCKE. a friend, physician, and tutor to his son (the father of Shaftesbury, the moral philosopher), and with whose vary- ing fortunes Locke's own were henceforth to be intimately connected. Twice he became secretary to his patron (once in 1667 — with an oflficial secretaryship in 1672, when Shaftes- bury became Lord Chancellor — and again in 1679, when he became President of the Council), but both times he lost his post on his friend's fall. The years 1675-79 were spent in Montpellier and Paris. In 1683 he went into voluntary exile in Holland (where Shaftesbury had died in January of the same year), and remained there until 1689, when the ascension of the throne by William of Orange made it possible for him to return to England. Here he was made Commissioner of Appeals, and, subsequently, one of the Commissioners of Trade and Plantations (till 1700). He died in 1704 at Oates, in Essex, at the house of Sir Francis Masham, whose wife was the daughter of Cud- worth, the philosopher. Locke's chief work, An Essay concerning Htiman Under- standing, which had been planned as early as 1670, was published in 1689-90, a short abstract of it having previously appeared in French in Le Clerc's Bibliotheque Universelle, 1688. His theoretical works include, further, the two posthumous treatises, Oji the Conduct of the Understanding (originally intended for incorporation in the fourth edition of the Essay, which, however, appeared in 1700 without this chapter, which probably had proved too extended) and the Elements of Natural Philosophy. To political and politico-economic questions Locke contributed the tuo Treatises on Government, 1690, and three essays on money and the coinage. In the year 1689 appeared the first of three Letters on Tolerance, followed, in 1693, by Some ThougJits on Education, and, in 1695, by The Reasoyiableness of Christianity as delivered in the Scriptures. The collected works appeared for the first time in 1714, and in nine volumes in 1853; the philosophical works (edited by St. John) are given in Bohn's Standard Library (1867-68).*
- Lord King and Fox Bourne have written on Locke's life, 1829 and 1876.
A comparison of Locke's theory of knowledge with Leibnitz's critique was pub- lished by Hartenstein in 1865, and one by Von Benoit (prize dissertation) in
