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WOLFF'S OPPO.VENTS. 3°! from the primary duty of obedience to the will of God); and the science of the good (in which Riidiger follows the treatise of the Spaniard, Gracian, on practical wisdom). Crusius agrees with Riidiger that mathematics is the science of the possible, and philosophy the science of the actual, and that the latter, instead of imitating to its own disadvan- tage the deductive-analytical method of geometry, must, with the aid of experience and with attention to the proba- bility of its conclusions, rise to the highest principles syn- thetically. Besides its deduction the determinism of the Wolffian philosophy gave offense, for it was believed to endanger morals, justice, and religion. The will, the special fundamental power of the soul (consisting of the impulses to perfection, love, and knowledge), is far from being determined by ideas; it is rather they which depend on the will. The application of the principle of sufficient reason, which is wrongly held to admit of no exception, must be restricted in favor of freedom. For the rest, we may note concerning Crusius that he derives the principle of sufficient reason (everything which is now, and before was not, has a cause) and the principle of contingency from the principles of contradiction, inseparability, and incompatibility, and these latter from the principle of conceivability ; that he rejects the ontological argument^ and makes the ground of obligation in morality consist in obedience toward God, and its content in perfection. Among the other opponents of the Wolffian philosophy, we may mention the theologian Budde (us) * {Institutiones Philosophies Eclecticce, 1705) ; Darjes (who taught in Jena and Frankfort-on-the-Oder; The Way to Truths 1755); ^nd Crousaz (1744). 3. The Illumination as Scientific and as Popular Philosophy. After a demand for the union of Leibnitz and Locke, of rationalism and empiricism, had been raised within the Wolffian school itself, and still more directly in the camp of its opponents, under the increasing influence of the ♦J. J. Bruclcer {Historia Critica Philosophia, 5 vols., 1742-44; 2d ed,, 6 vols., 1766-67) was a pupil of Budde.