33^ KANT. [Watson, Kant and his English Critics, i88i], Morris [Kant's Critique of P}<re Reason, Griggs's Philosophical Classics, 1882], [Wallace, Kant, Blackwood's Philosophical Classics, 1882; Porter, Kant's Ethics, Griggs's Philosophical Classics, 1886; Green, Lectures, Works, vol. ii., 1886. — Tr.], have among others made contributions to Kantian literature. Of the older works we may mention the dictionaries of E. Schmid, 1788, and Mellin (in six volumes), 1797 seq., the critique of the Kantian philosophy in the first volume of Schopenhauer's chief work, 1819, and the essay of C. H. Weisse, In welchem Sinne hat sich die deutsche Philosophie jetzt ■wieder an Kant zu orientieren, 1847. Kant's outward life was less eventful and less changeful than his philosophical development.* Born in Konigsberg in 1724, the son of J. G. Cant, a saddler of Scottish descent, his home and school training were both strict and of a markedly religious type. He was educated at the university of his native city, and for nine years, from 1746 on, filled the place of a private tutor. In 1755 he became ; Decent, in 1770 ordinary professor in Konigsberg, serving , also for six years of this time as under-librarian. He seldom left his native city and never the province. The clearness which marked his extremely popular lectures on physical geography and anthropology was due to his diligent study of works of travel, and to an unusually acute gift of observation, which enabled him to draw from his surroundings a comprehensive knowledge of the world and of man. He ceased lecturing in 1797, and in 1804 old age ended a life which had always, even in minute detail, been governed by rule. A man of extreme devotion to duty, particularity, and love of truth, and an amiable, bright, and witty companion, Kant belongs to the acute rather than to the profound thinkers. Among his mani- fold endowments the tendency to combination and the faculty of intuition (as the Critique of Judgment especially shows) are present to a noticeable degree, yet not so mark- edly as the power of strict analysis and subtle discrimina- tion. So that, although a mediating tendency is rightly regarded as the distinguishing characteristic of the Kantian
- The following have done especially valuable service in the investigation of
the development of Kant's doctrine : Paulsen ( Versuch einer EntwickelungS' geschichte der Kantiscken Erkenntnisstheorie, 1875), B. Erdmann, Vaihinger, and Windelband. Besides Hume and Leibnitz, Newton, Locke, Shaftesbury, Rousseau, and Wolff exercised an important influence on Kant.
