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CHAPTER XIII. HEGEL. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was born at Stuttgart on August 27, 1770. He attended the gymna- sium of his native city, and, from 1788, the Tubingen sem- inary as a student of theology; while in 1793-1800 he resided as a private tutor in Berne and Frankfort-on-the- Main. In the latter city the plan of his future system was already maturing, A manuscript outline divides philos- ophy, following the ancient division, logic, physics, and ethics, into three parts, the first of which (the fundamental science, the doctrine of the categories and of method, com- bining logic and metaphysics) considers the absolute as pure Idea, while the second considers it as nature, and the third as real (ethical) spirit. Hegel habilitated in 1801 at Jena, with a Latin dissertation On the Orbits of the Planets, in which, ignorant of the discovery of Ceres, he maintained that on rational grounds — assuming that the number- series given in Plato's Timaeus is the true order of nature — no additional planet could exist between Mars and Jupiter. This dissertation gives, further, a deduction of Kepler's laws. The essay on the Difference betxveen the Systems of Fichte and Schelling had appeared even pre- vious to this. In company with Schelling he edited in 1802-03 the Kritisches Journal der Philosophie. The article on " Faith and Knowledge" published in this journal characterizes the standpoint of Kant, Jacobi, and Fichte as that of reflection, for which finite and infinite, being and thought form an antithesis, while true speculation grasps these in their identity. In the night before the battle of Jena Hegel finished the revision of his Phenomenology of 5/>mV, which was published in 1807. The extraordinary professorship given him in 1805 he was forced to resign on account of financial considerations ; then he was for a 487