SPENCER. 569 of the utilitarian theory have not been slow in availing themselves of the opportunities for attack thus afforded.* A third distinguished representative of the same general movement is Alexander Bain, the psychologist (born 1818 ; TJic Senses and the Intellect, 3d ed., 1868; The Emotions and the Will, 3d ed., 1875 ; Mental and Moral Science, 1868, 3d ed., 1872, part ii., 1872; Mind and Body, 3d ed., 1874). The system projected by Herbert Spencer (born 1820), the major part of which has already appeared, falls into five parts: First Principles, 1862, 7th ed., 1889; Principles of Biology, 1864-67, 4th ed., 1888 ; Principles of Psycfiology, 1855, 5th ed., 1890; Principles of Sociology (vol. i. 1876, 3d ed., 1885 ; part iv. Ceremonial Institutions, 1879, 3<^ ^^•» 1888, part v. Political Institutions, 1882, 2d ed., 1885, part vi. Ecclesiastical Institutions, 1885, 2d ed., 1886, together con- stituting vol. ii.) ; Principles of Ethics (part i. The Data of Ethics, 1879, 5th ed., 1888 ; parts ii. and iii. The Inductions of Ethics Siud The Ethics of Individual Life, constituting with part i. the first volume, 1892 ; part v. Justice, 1891). A com- prehensive exposition of the system has been given, with the authority of the author, by F. H. Collins in his Epitome of the Synthetic Philosophy, i889.t The treatise on Education, 1861, 23d ed., 1890, his sociological writings, and his various essays have also contributed essentially to Mr. Spencer's fame, both at home and abroad. The First Principles begin with the " Unknowable." Since human opinions, no matter how false they may seem, have sprung from actual experiences, and, when they find wide acceptance and are tenaciously adhered to, must have something in them which appeals to the minds of men, we must assume that
- On the relation of Bentham and Mill cf. Hoffding, p. 68 ; Sidgwick's Outlines,
chap. iv. § 16 ; and John Grote's Examination of the Utilitarian Philosophy, 1870, chap. i. fCf. also Fiske's Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy, 2 vols., 1874. Numerous critiques and discussions of Spencer's views have been giren in various journals and reviews ; among more extended works reference may be made to Bowne, The Philosophy of Herbert Spencer, 1874; Malcolm Guthrie. On Mr. Spenci-rs Formula of Evolution, 1879, and the same author, On Mr. Spencer's Unifica' Hon of Knoxvledge, 1S82; and T. H. Green, on Spencer and Lewes, fr<?^-tx, voL i.— Tr.
