NEW SYSTEMS. 599 illusions. The materialistic controversy broke out most actively at the convention of naturalists at Gottingen in 1854, when Rudolph Wagner in his address " On the Creation of Man and the Substance of the Soul " declared, in opposition to Karl Vogt, that there is no physiological reason for denying the descent of man from one pair and an immaterial immortal soul. Vogt's answer was entitled "Collier Faith and Science." Among others Schaller {Body and Soul, 1855), J. B. Meyer in a treatise with the same title, 1856, and the Jena physicist, Karl Snell,* took part in the controversy by way of criticism and mediation. A much finer nature than the famous leaders of materialism — Moleschott {The Circle of Life, 1852, in answer to Liebig's Chemical Letters), and Louis Biichner, with whose Force arid Matter (1855, 16th ed., 1888; English translation by Col- lingwood, 4th ed., 1884) the gymnasiast of to-day still satis- fies his freethinking needs — is H. Czolbe (1819-73 ; New Exposition of Setisationalism, 1855 ; The Limits and Origin of Human Knowledge, 1865), who, on ethical grounds, demands the exclusion of everything suprasensible and contentment with the given world of phenomena, but holds that, besides matter and motion,, eternal, purposive forms and original sensations in a world-soul are necessary to explain organic and psychical phenomena. 2. New Systems : Trendelenburg, Fechner, Lotze, and Hartmann. The speculative impulse, especially in the soul of the German people, is ineradicable. It has neither allowed itself to be discouraged by the collapse of the Hegelian edifice, nor to be led astray by the clamor of the apostles of empiricism, nor to be intimidated by the papal proclamation of the infallibility of Thomas Aquinas.f Manifold attempts
- Snell (1806-86) : The Materialistic Question, 1858 ; The Creation of Man,
1863. R. Seydel has edited Lectures oti the Descent of Man, 1888, from Snell's posthumous writings. f In 1879 a summons was sent forth from Rome for the revival and dissemi- nation of the Thomistic system as the only true philosophy (cf. R. Eucken, Die Philosophic des Thomas von Aquino unci die Kultur der Neuzeit, 1886). This movement is supported by the C)VlXX?%, Jahrbuch fur Philosophic und
