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LOTZE. 60s material basis), nay, that they are the same essence, only seen from different sides. Body is the (manifold) pheno- menon for others, while spirit is the (unitary) self-pheno- menon, in which, however, the inner aspect is the truer one. That which appears to us as the external world of matter, is nothing but a universal consciousness which overlaps and influences our individual consciousness. This is Spinozism idealistically interpreted. In aesthetics Fechner shows himself an extreme representative of the principle of asso- ciation. The most important of the thinkers mentioned in the title of this section is Rudolph Hermann Lotze (1817-81; born at Bautzen ; a student of medicine, and of philosophy under Weisse, in Leipsic ; 1844-81 professor in Gottingen ; died in Berlin). Like Fechner, gifted rather with a talent for the fine and the suggestive than for the large and the rigorous, with a greater reserve than the former before the mystical and peculiar, as acute, cautious, and thor- ough as he was full of taste and loftiness of spirit, Lotze has proved that the classic philosophers did not die out with Hegel and Herbart. His Microcosvms {'t^ vols., 1856- 64, 4th ed., 1884 seq ; English translation by Hamilton and Jones, 3d ed., 1888), which is more than an anthropology, as it is modestly entitled, and s> History of Esthetics in Ger- many , 1868, which also gives more than the title betrays, enjoy a deserved popularity. These works were preceded by the Medical Psychology, 1852, and a polemic treatise against L H. Fichte, 1857, as well as by a Pathology and a Physiology, and followed by the System of Philosophy, which remained incomplete (part i. Logic, 1874, 2d ed., 1881, En- glish translation edited by Bosanquet, 2d ed., 1888; part ii. Metaphysics, 1879, English translation edited by Bosanquet, 2d ed., 1887). Lotze's Minor Treatises have been published lished a number of papers from his psycho-physical laboratory in his Philoso- phische Studien, i88i seq. Cf. also Hugo Munsterberg, Neue GrundUgung der Psychophysik in Heft iii. of his Beitrdge zur experimentelUti Psychologie, 1889 seq. [Further, Delboeuf, in French, and a growing literature in English as A. Seth, Encyclopadia Britannica, vol. xxiv. 469-471 ; Ladd, Elements of Physiological Psychology, part ii. chap. v. ; James, Principles of Psychology, vol. i. p. 533 seq.; and numerous articles as Ward, Mind, vol. i. ; Jastrow, American Journal of Psychology, vols. i. and iii. — Tr.]