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6 14 NEO-KANTIANISM. one conformable to God, or a natural, an evil, and a moral sphere — and, preserving alike the absoluteness of God and the reality of the world, shows that it is not so much man as God himself, who, as the bearer of all the suffering of the world, is the subject of redemption. The ethics of religion discusses the subjective and objective processes of redemption, namely, repentance and amendment on the part of the individual and the ecclesiastical cultus of the future, which is to despise symbols and art. It is to Hartmann's credit, though the fact has not been sufficiently appreciated by professional thinkers, that in a time averse to speculation he has devoted his energies to the highest problems of metaphysics, and in their elabora- tion has approached his task with scientific earnestness and a comprehensive and thorough consideration of previous results. Thus the critique of ethical standpoints in the his- torical part of the Phenome7iology of the Moral Consciousness, especially, contains much that is worthy of consideration ; and his fundamental metaphysical idea, that the absolute is to be conceived as the unity of will and reason, also deserves in general a more lively assent than has been accorded to it, while his rejection of an infinite consciousness has justly met with contradiction. It has been impossible here to go into his discussions in the philosophy of nature — they can- not be described in brief — on matter (atomic forces), on the mechanical and teleological views of life and its develop- ment, on instinct, on sexual love, etc., which he very skillfully uses in support of his metaphysical principle. 3. From the Revival of the Kantian Philosophy to the Present Time. (a) Neo-Kantianism, Positivism, and Kindred Phenomena. — The Kantian philosophy has created two epochs : one at the time of its appearance, and a second two generations after the death of its author. The new Kantian movement, which is one of the most prominent characteristics of the philosophy of the present time, took its beginning a quar- ter of a century ago. It is true that even before 1865 indi- vidual thinkers like Ernst Reinhold of Jena (died 1855),