6i8 GERMAN POSITIVISM. the individual soul with its organization is itself a pheno- menon, and consequently cannot be the bearer of that which precedes phenomena — space, time, and the catagories as " conditions " of experience are functions of a pure conscious- ness to be presupposed. The antithesis of subject and ob- ject, the soul and the world, first arises in the sphere of phenomena. The empirical subject, like the world of ob- jects, is itself a product of tha a priori forms, hence not that which produces them. To the transcendental group belong Hermann Cohen * in Marburg, A. Stadler,f Natorp, Lass- witz (p. 17), E. Konig (p. 17), Koppelmann (p. 330), Staud- ingcr (p. 331). Fritz Schultzc of Dresden is also to be counted among the neo-Kantians {Philosophy of Natural Science, 1882; Kant a?id Darwi?i, 1875; The Ftmdaine?ital Thoughts of Materialism, 1881 ; The Fiindaniental Thotights of Spiritualism, 1883; Cotnparative Psychology, i. i, 1892). The German positivists :{ — E. Laas of Strasburg (1837- 85), A. Riehl of Freiburg in Baden (born 1844), and R. Avenarius of Zurich (born 1843) — develop their sensation- alistic theory of knowledge in critical connection with Kant. Ernst Laas defines positivism (founded by Protagoras, advo- cated in modern times by Hume and J. S. Mill, and hostile to Platonic idealism) as that philosophy which recognizes no other foundations than positive facts (/. e., perceptions), and requires every opinion to exhibit the experiences on which it rests. Its basis is constituted by three articles of belief: (i) The correlative facts, subject and object, exist and arise only in connection (objects are directly known only as the contents of a consciousness, cui objecta sunt, subjects only as centers of relation, as the scene or founda- tion of a representative content, cui subjecta sunt : outside
- Cohen : Kant's Theory of Experience , 1871, 2ded., 1886 ; Kant's Foundo'
Hon of Ethics, 1877 ; Kant's Foundation of Esthetics, 1889. f Sudler: Kanfs Teleology, 1874; The Principles of the Pure Theory of Knowledge in the Kantian Philosophy, 1876 ; Kanfs Theory of Matter, 1883. I Laas: Idealism and Positivism , i%-]<)-%^. Riehl: Philosophical Criticism, 1876-87 ; Address On Scientific and Unscientific Philosophy, 1883. Avenarius (p. 598) : Philosophy as Thought concerning the World according to the Principle of Least Work, 1876; Critique of Pure Experience, vol. i. 1888, vol. iL 1890; Man's Concept of the World, 1891. C. Goring (died 1879 ; System 0} Critical Philosophy, 1875) may also be placed here.
