SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY. 621 to the vital processes, favored even by Lotzc ; the renewed conflict between atomism and dynamism ; further, the Dar- winian theory* (1859), which r^^'^l^es organic species develop from one another by natural selection in the struggle for existence (through inheritance and adaptation) ; finally, the meta-geometrical speculations f of Gauss (1828), Riemann {On the Hypotheses which lie at the Basis of Geoinetry, 1854, published in 1867), Helmholtz (1868), B. Erdmann {The Axioms of Geometry, ^^77)t G. Cantor, and others, which look on our Euclidean space of three dimensions as a special case of the unintuitable yet thinkable analytic concept of a space of fi dimensions. The circumstance that these theories are still largely hypothetical in their own field appears to have stirred up rather than moderated the zeal for carrying them over into other departments and for applying them to the world as a whole. Thus, especially, the Darwinians:}: have undauntedly attempted to utilize the biological hypothesis of the master as a philosophical prin- ciple of the world, and to bring the mental sciences under the point of view of the mechanical theory of development, though thus far with more daring and noise
- A critical exposition of the modern doctrine of development and of the
causes used to explain it is given by Otto Hamann, Entwickdungslehre und Dar- winismus, Jena, 1892, Cf. also, O. Liebmann, Analysis der IVirklichkeit ; and Ed. von Hartmann (above, p. 610). [Among the numerous works in English the reader may be referred to the article " Evolution," by Huxley and Sully, Encyclopedia Britannica, gth ed., vol. viii. ; Wallace's Darwinism, 1889; Romanes, Darwin and after Dar^vin, i. The Darzviuian Theory, 1S92 ; and Conn's Evolution of To-day, 1886.— Tr.] f Cf. Liebmann, Analysis der IVirklichkeit, 2d ed.. pp. 53-59- G- Frege {Begriffsschrift, 1879; The Foundations of Arithmetic. 1884 ; Function and Con- cept, 1891 ; "On Sense and Meaning" in the Zeitschriftftir Pkilosophie, vol. c. 1892) has also chosen the region intermediate between mathematics and philos- ophy for his field of work. We note, further, E. G. Husserl, Philosophy of Arith- metic, vol. i., 1891. X Ernst Haeckel of Jena (born 1S34 ; General Morphology, 1866 ; Natural History of Creation, 1868 [English, 1875] ; Anthropogeny, 1874 ; Aims and Methods of the Development History of To-day, 1875; Popular Lectures, 1878 j^-^.— English, 1883), G. Jager, A. Schleicher {The Dar-vinian Theory and the Science of Language, 1865), Ernst Krause (Carus Sterne, the editor of Kosmos) O. Caspar!, Carneri {Morals and Darzvinism, 1871), O. Schmidt. Du Prel, Paul Ree (r/i^- Origin of the Moral Feelings, 1877 ; The Genesis of Conscience, 1885 ; The Illusion of Free Will, 1885); G. H. Schneider {The Animal Will, 1880; The Human Will, 1882; The Good and III of the H-unan Race, 1883).
