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626 THE SPECIAL PFIILOSOPHICAL SCIENCES. victlons shattered and new foundations arising. Psychology has entered into competition with physiology in regard to the discovery of the laws of the psychical functions which depend on bodily processes, while metaphysical questions are forced into the background and there is a growing dis- trust of the reliability of inner observation. The philoso- phy of religion is favored with undiminished interest and aesthetics, after long neglect, with a renewal of attention ; the philosophy of history is about to reconquer its former rights. There is, moreover, an especially lively interest in ethics ; and the investigation of the history of philosophy is more widely extended than ever before. We will close our sketch with a short survey of the particular disciplines. In the department of logic the following should be men- tioned as classical achievements: the works of Christoph Sigwart of Tubingen (vol. i. 1873, 2d ed., 1889; ^o^- ^^* 1878), of Lotze(p. 605), and of Wundt (vol. i. Erkenntniss- IcJire, 1880; vol. ii. Metlwdenlehre, 1883). Besides these, Bergmann (p. 620), Schuppe (p. 619), and Benno Erdmann {Logik, vol. i. 1892) deserve notice. In /jy/f/^/c'^ the following writers have made themselves prominent : Wilhelm Wundt at Leipsic (born 1832), Grund- ziige der physiologischen Psychologic, 1874, 3d ed., 1887; A. Horwicz, PsychologiscJic Analysen auf physiologischer Grund- lagc, 1872 seq.; Franz Brentano in Vienna (born 1838), Psychologic vom cmpirischen Standpunkte, vol. i. 1874; Carl Stumpf of Munich (born 1848), Ucbcr den psychol- ogischen Ursprung dcr Raumvorstellung, 1873, Tonpsychol- ogic, vol. i. 1883, vol. ii. 1890; Theodor Lipps of Breslau (born 1 851), Grundilmtsachen dcs Seclenlcbcns, 1883. The following may be mentioned in the same connection: J. H. V^.tQ,Das Wcsen dcr Scclc, 1888; H. Munsterberg, Die Willenshandlung, 1888, Bcitrdgc zur cxperivientcllcn Psychol- ogic, 1889 scq.; Goswin K. Uphues at Halle, Wahrnehmung und Empfindung, 1888, Ucbcr die Erinncrung, 1889; H. Schmidkunz, Psychologic dcr Suggestion, 1892; H. Ebbing- haus, the co-editor of the Zeitschrift filr Psychologic una Physiologic der Sinncsorganc, 1890 scq.; H. Spitta; Max Dessoir, Dcr Hautsinn, in the Archiv fur Anatomic una Physiologic, 1892. The following works are psychological i