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628 THE SPECIAL PHILOSOPHICAL SCIENCES. is represented, on the one hand, by the Ritschlian school — • W. Herrmann in Marburg {Die Metaphysik in dcr Tkcologie, ^y6, Die Religion im Verhdltniss sum Welterkennemind zur Sittlichkeit, 1889), J. Kaftan in Berlin {Das Wesen der Christ lichen Religion, 1881) — and, on the other, by R. A. Lipsius in Jena (born 1830; Dogmatik, 1876, 2d ed., 1879; Philosophie nnd Religion, 1885). The latter is represented by A. E. Biedermann of Zurich (1819-85 ; Christliche Dogmatik, 1868; 2d ed., 1884-85), a pupil of W. Vatke, and by Otto Pfleiderer of Berlin (born 1839; Religi'onsphilosophie, 1879; 2d ed., 1883^4). The neo-Kantians base religion exclu- sively on the practical side of human nature, especially on the moral law, derive it from the contrast between external dependence on nature and the inner freedom or super- natural destination of the spirit, and wish it preserved fron all intermixture with metaphysics. According to the nco- Hegelians, on the contrary, the theoretical element in religion is no less essential ; and is capable of being purified, of being elevated from the form of representation, which is full of contradictions, into the adequate form of pure thought, capable, therefore, of reconciliation with philos- ophy. Hugo Delff {Ueber den Weg zum Wissen und siir Gewissheit su gelangen, 1 882 ; Die Hauptprohleme der Phil- osophie und Religion, 1886) follows Jacobi's course. Among the numerous works on the history of philosophy, besides the masterpieces of Zeller, J. E. Erdmann, and Kuno Fischer, the following are especially worthy of attention: CI. Baumker in Breslau, Das Problem der Materie in der griechischen Philosophie, 1890; H. Bonitz, Platonische Studien, 3d ed., 1886, Aristotelische Studien, 1862 seq.. Index Aristotelicus, 1870, Kleine Schriften : P. Deussen (born 1845), Z?aj Systetn der Vedanta, 1883, H. Diels in Berlin, Doxographi Crccci, 1879; Eucken in Jena (p. 17), Die Methode der aristotelischen Forschung, Zti, Address Ueber den Werth der Geschichte der Philosophie, 1874; J. Freudenthal in Breslau (born 1839 ; pp. 63, 118), Hellenistische Studien, 3 Hefte, 1879, Ueber die Theologie des Xenophanes, 1886; M. Heinze in Leipsic, Die Lehre vom Logos in der griechischen Philosophie, 1872; G. Frcihcrr von Hertling in Munich (born 1843), Materie und Form und die Definition der Seek bei Aristoteles, 1871, Albertus Magnus, 1880; H. Heussler in Basle (n. 65 note), Der "Rationalismus des XVII. Jahrhunderts in seinen Brsie'