of Geijer's history; and Karl Gustav Malmström's (born 1822) "Sveriges politiska historia från Karl XII's död till 1772." K. T. Odhner has also written some very meritorious works. Archbishop Henrik Reuterdahl has produced an interesting history of the Swedish church down to 1533, and the history of Swedish literature has been treated in a worthy manner by S. Wiselgren, Fryxell, Atterbom, Malmström, G. H. J. Ljunggren, and others. Samuel Ödmann ("Hagkomster från hembygden och skolan"), Lovén ("Folklifvet i Skytts härad), Hyltén-Cavallius ("Värend och Virdarne") have contributed valuable works to the knowledge of life and customs among the lower classes of the people. Antiquarian research has found able scholars in Dybeck, Holmberg, Bror Emil Hildebrand, Oscar Montelius, and others.
Philosophical studies have long been pursued with great zeal in Sweden. At the close of the last century Benjamin Karl Henrik Höijer (1767-1812) sought to introduce into Sweden the Kant-Fichte principles, and his critical and philosophical works contributed much to hasten the crisis out of which the modern literary epoch emerged. He particularly exercised a strong influence on Geijer, in whose writings the philosophical element is very prominent.
Kristopher Jakob Boström (1797-1866) is, however, the only Swede who has created an independent philosophical system. Among his pupils Christian Theodor Claëson (1827-59) and Johan Axel Nybälus (born 1821) are the most eminent. The latter belongs, like the above-mentioned Viktor Rydberg, to the so-called new rational tendency, which, in recent times, has found many adherents in Sweden. Among the representatives of the other branches of science we must confine ourselves to simply mentioning the most eminent names. The following are known throughout the world: The chemist, Jöns Jakob Berzelius (1779-1848); the botanist, Elias Fries (1794-1878); the botanist and statistician, Karl Adolph Agardh (1785-1859); the geologist and
