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i88 HISTORY OF FRANCE. [chap. all. But he could not get all Dalmatia, for the Russians held Cattaro. At the same time he made his brother Louis King of Holland, and his brother-in-law Murat Grand-Duke of Berg. The new kings of Bavaria and Wiirttemberg and some other of the German princes formed in July, 1806, the Confederation of the Rhine, under the protection of France, which was afterwards joined by others of the German states. These princes threw off their allegiance to the empire, and in Augubt the Emperor Francis abdicated, and the Roman Empire and the King- dom of Germany came to an end. Its position, and much more than its power, had now been transferred to the new ruler of France. The ex-emperor Francis, king of Hun- gary and archduke of Austria, went on reigning by the title oi Empejvr of Austria, which he had taken in 1804. Napoleon now expelled the Bourbon king of Naples, and gave his kingdom to his own brother Joseph Buonaparte. In 1808 he transferred it to INIurat. The English fleet however was able to keep the island of Sicily, like the island of Sardinia, for its old king. The only insular possession which the French could keep in Europe was Cotfu. In 1799, the Ionian Islands, which had been taken by France in 1797, were won by the Russians and Turks together, and were made into a republic under the protec- tion of the Czar and the Sultan. In 1807 they were given back to France along with Cattaro ; but the English won all the islands except Corfu. 25. The Campaign of Jena, 1S06. — Prussia had stood aloof from the war in 1805, but its king, Frederick William, allied himself with Russia in 1806, and declared war on France. Saxony joined, and the army of 150,000 men was commanded by the Duke of Brunswick. Without waiting for the Russians, he advanced into Saxony, and there was met by Napoleon himself, at the head of the forces of France and of the Confederation of the Rhine, z.yena, on the 14th of October, 1806, and entirely crushed, with the loss of 20,000 men ; the Duke of Brunswick was mortally wounded. The French now entered Berlin, and there Napoleon put out the famous Berlin Decrees, which declared the British Islands in a state of blockade and forbade all correspondence and trade with England. All northern Germany was now at Napoleon's mercy ; the King and Queen of Prussia fled to Kdnigsberg, and their whole country was trodden down with a ruthless severity tkat has never been forgotten. The Elector of Saxony