esteemed; the chief of his other works, consisting mostly of sacred music, but comprising every class of vocal and instrumental production, are in the library of Prince Esterhazy Galata; a list of the whole is to be found in Dr. Schilling's Lexicon. With regard to the great facility in the contrapuntal style that prevails throughout his writings, he used to say that he never had an idea which did not present itself to him in the form of double counterpoint. His last composition was a "Te Deum," designed for the entry into Vienna of the Emperor Francis; but as he did not live to witness this event, he desired that it might be presented to his patron on the first public occasion, with these words: "In his last moments, a faithful subject offers his sovereign his homage," which loyal behest was fulfilled shortly afterwards by his daughter, on the occasion of the emperor's marriage. Albrechtsberger is best known in England by his theoretical works, which were collected and published by Seyfried, and of which Messrs. Cocks and Messrs. Novello each print a translation.—G. A. M.
ALBRET, Charles, Lord of, became constable of France in 1402, commanded the French during 1405 and 1406 against the English in Guienne, and fell at the head of the French army in the memorable battle of Agincourt, 25th Oct., 1415.
ALBRIC, ALBRICUS, ALBERICUS, or ALFRICUS, an English philosopher and physician, flourished at London about 1080, according to some, and about 1220, according to others; author of 1. "De deorum imaginibus;" 2. "De ratione veneni;" 3. "Virtutes antiquorum;" 4. "Canones speculativi." The first only has been printed.
ALBRION, Domingo d', a Spanish sculptor of the sixteenth century, admired for the accuracy of his figures, and the simplicity of his drapery. Two of his statues are in the cathedral of Tarragone.
ALBRIZZI, Jerome, a Venetian publisher of the seventeenth century, author of a concise description of the countries watered by the Danube, with engravings, and a summary of Hungarian and Turkish history. He published also "The Gallery of Minerva, or European Bibliography," 3 vols. folio.
ALBRIZZI, Isabella Teotoki, Countess of, a learned and accomplished Greek lady, daughter of Count Teotoki, and wife of Joseph Albrizzi, a Venetian nobleman, was born at Corfu in 1770, and died at Venice in 1836. Her house in Venice was long the resort of illustrious men of genius. Byron calls her the Venetian Madame de Stael. She wrote—1. "Portraits of Distinguished Characters;" 2. "Dissertations on the Works of the Sculptor Canova," 4 vols. 8vo; and 3. "A Life of Vittoria Colonna."—E. M.
ALBUCASIS, ABULCASIS BUCHASIS or BULCHASIM, a skilful Arab physician, author of a curious work on surgery, was born at Azzahra in Spain, and died at Cordova in 1106-7. His work, "Al-Tassrif," contains, among much other ingenious matter, an interesting discussion of the appliances of practical surgery, as these were apprehended in his time.
ALBUMAZAR, a famous Arabian astronomer, was born at Balkh in the Khorassan, a.d. 776-7. His life, by an anonymous writer, and a list of fifty of his works, are preserved in the library of the Escurial. He destined himself for the profession of law, and during his preparatory studies declared himself an enemy of all natural science as irreligious. 'When considerably advanced in years, however, he turned his attention to the study of mathematics, and to the practice of judicial astrology, the results of his labours in both of which he embodied in a curious work still preserved: "The Book of the Introduction to the Science of the Stars." He is also supposed to be the author of an astrological treatise entitled "Olouf" (a thousand years), in which it is asserted that the world was created when the seven planets were in conjunction in the first degree of Aries, and that it will terminate when they are in conjunction in the first degree of Pisces. Died a.d. 885.—J. S., G.
ALBUQUERQUE, Alfonso d', more properly Affonso d'Albuquerque, surnamed the Great, was second son of Gonzalvo, lord of Villaverde, who was descended from Affonso Sanchez, an illegitimate son of Diniz, king of Portugal, and married Da. Tarija, daughter of Sancho, king of Castile. His son Don Juan first assumed the territorial designation, D'Albuquerque, from the castle of that name, which he rebuilt; and this name became afterwards familiar in the history of the Peninsula, not only from the actions of his descendants, but from those which occurred at the place whence their name was derived.
Alfonso was born in the year 1452 at Alhandra, near Lisbon, which, though but a small seaport town, could boast a considerable fishery, and, consequently, a race of bold and enterprising seamen. He was educated at the court of Alfonso V., where both classical and mathematical learning were sedulously cultivated, and where the latter received its characteristic application in what was then termed the science of cosmography. After the death of Alfonso, he went into Africa, and served in the war against the Moors; from whence returning, he became principal equerry to John II., under whose influence Albuquerque doubtless acquired those enlarged views of policy and commerce which influenced his after life. At the death of John, he went again to Africa; but losing a brother in battle, returned to Portugal, and became principal gentleman of the bedchamber to King Emanuel. Subsequently he was sent with the fleet to Tarento, to assist Ferdinand, king of Naples, against the Turks, and was then placed in command of Fort Gracioza, which the Portuguese had built on the coast of Larache in Morocco.
Thus prepared for more important services, in 1503 Alfonso sailed from Belem as commander of a squadron of three ships, and second in command to his cousin Francisco d'Albuquerque, who sailed from Lisbon with the same number, to build a fort at Cochin, on the coast of Malabar. Having performed this service, he returned to Portugal; but Francisco, who had parted from him in anger, was lost during the voyage. In 1506 he again left Portugal, never to return. Tristan d'Acunha had been placed in command of a fleet of fourteen vessels, with instructions to support the native Christians of India against the Mahometans, and for this purpose to build a fort at Socotra; with him Alfonso d'Albuquerque was sent ostensibly as second in command, but really to supersede Almeyda, who was then acting as viceroy in India. On reaching Madagascar, Acunha determined to examine the shores of that island, while Albuquerque sailed with six ships to explore the N.E. shores of Africa. Having done this, and returned with pilots, the united fleet sailed to Socotra, and built there the fort of Coco, after which Acunha sailed to India, leaving Albuquerque with his squadron to operate against the enemy in the Gulf of Persia and the Red Sea. He shortly found an opportunity to secure the throne of Ormuz, then the commercial emporium of the Indian seas, for a chief disposed, in consequence, to further the interests of the Portuguese; but being deserted by Juan de Nova, and some of his captains, he was reluctantly compelled, after examining the Persian Gulf, to abandon the scene of his success for a time, and sail for India. He arrived in 1508, but his claim to authority was not acknowledged by Almeyda, who, at the instigation of the disaffected captains, threw him into prison. On the arrival, however, the following year, of Fernando Continho, a relative of his own, and high in office in the court of Emanuel, with the authority of captain-general, he was immediately released, and Almeyda superseded. Continho being shortly after slain at the taking of Calicut, and Almeyda having quitted India, Albuquerque was left alone to carry out his schemes for the extension of the Portuguese power in the East. His first act was to take possession of the town of Goa, which had been built by the Mahometans for the security of their commerce, the surrounding country being in the possession of the Hindoos, who were willing to join the Portuguese in expelling the Arabs. The town had a large but motley population, and the government was weak and undecided. Albuquerque's first conquest was therefore easy; but through the disaffection of his officers, he was obliged to abandon it as he had done Ormuz. His perseverance was, however, rewarded in the autumn of the same year, 1510, and Goa became the metropolis of Portuguese India.
Diego Lopez Sequiera, who had joined in inciting Almeyda against Albuquerque, sailed shortly after the arrival of Continho to Malacca. He was one of those brave but unprincipled men, who caused the Portuguese name to be no less hated than feared in the East. Some of his crews having been taken by the Moors, Albuquerque sailed at the head of nineteen ships and 1400 men, of whom 800 only were Portuguese, to release them, and capture Malacca. This was one of the most important cities in the East, said to contain not less than 100,000 persons, defended by 30,000 soldiers and a numerous artillery. Albuquerque, at the head of his Portuguese, and 200 Malabar Indians, stormed the town, and effected its capture after a desperate resistance. He was greatly assisted in this action by a wealthy Javanese, whom he afterwards employed in an important civil office; but
