of the revolution he took an active part in the civil and military affairs of the Netherlands; and when the stadtholder, William V., lost his patrimony in those provinces in 1795, Arnoldi was zealously employed in endeavouring to procure for his sovereign a suitable compensation, although he was not successful in this object. In 1803 he entered the service of Prince William-Frederic, afterwards William I., king of the Netherlands, whom he served with equal zeal and fidelity. In 1809 he executed, with great skill, the dangerous commission intrusted to him, of exciting Westphalia to rise against Napoleon; and in 1813 he effected an arrangement between the two branches of the house of Orange, by negotiating, as their representative, an exchange of the hereditary lands of the family. After the congress of Vienna in 1815, William I. rewarded his long and valuable services as a statesman, by naming him a privy councillor, with a liberal pension, and making him a knight, and subsequently commander of the new order of the Belgic Lion. He was the author of numerous political and historical treatises, and died in 1827.—F.
ARNOLDI, Philip, a Lutheran preacher, born in 1582 at Zinten, a small town in Prussia, and rose to be archbishop of Tilsit, where he died in 1642. His published polemics were directed principally against the Anabaptists.
ARNOLDI, Wilhelm, bishop of Treves, was born at Budaw in 1798, and having studied in that city, and entered into orders in 1825, became a canon and archdeacon, and was elected to the episcopal dignity in 1839.
ARNOLDUS de Villanova. See Arnauld de Villeneuve.
ARNOLFINI, Giovanni-Attilio, an Italian engineer, born at Lucca in 1733; died 1791.
ARNOLFO or ARNULFUS, was archbishop of Milan. His elevation to the archiepiscopate took place in 1093, and having been deposed soon afterwards, he made his peace with Rome, and was reinstated in 1095. He was present at the council of Clermont, and accompanied Urban II. in preaching the crusade in Lombardy. He died at Milan in 1096.—F.
ARNOLFO or ARNULFUS, a historian, was a contemporary of the preceding, and wrote in 1085 a history of Milan, from a.d. 925 to a.d. 1076, which was entitled "Historia Mediolanensis," and first published at Hanover in 1711.
ARNOLFO di Cambio, better known as Arnolfo di Lapo, one of the most eminent architects and sculptors of Italy, was born at Florence in 1232. He was a pupil of Nicola Pisano, whose German or Gothic tendency in style he adopted to a great extent. It is Arnolfo, however, who made the first steps towards modifying this tendency. The most celebrated of his works as an architect are the churches of Santa Croce, the Cathedral, and Or San Michele in Florence, in which the gradual transition from the Gothic severity to the Italian elegance is markedly apparent. Ferguson, in his Handbook of Architecture, writing on the Florentine cathedral, as designed and partially built by Arnolfo, calls it "the greatest and most perfect example of Italian Gothic, and one of the largest and finest churches produced in the middle ages; as far as mere grandeur of conception goes, perhaps the very best." Arnolfo having died in 1300 could not complete this work, and many deviations from his original design were made by those who finished it; the most important being the celebrated dome raised upon the great octagon by Brunelleschi, between 1420 and 1444.
As a sculptor, he worked for the cathedral of Orvieto, on the façade of which a Madonna, the Apostles, and several subjects from the Old and New Testament, by this artist, are amongst the best parts of that wonderful monument of the skill of the Pisani school.—R. M.
ARNONE, Alberto, an Italian painter, pupil of Luca Giordano and Carlo Maratta; died in 1721. He excelled in portraits, and was patronised by Philip V.
ARNOT, Hugo, was the son of a merchant in Leith, and was born in 1749. His original name was Pollock, but he adopted that of Arnot, on succeeding to the estate of Balcormo in Fifeshire, which had belonged to his mother's family. After completing his preliminary studies at the university, he became, in 1752, a member of the Scottish bar. In 1777 he published an "Essay on Nothing," which had been read before the Speculative Society, an association of young men for mutual improvement in composition and debate. In 1779 he produced his "History of Edinburgh," a work of great general merit as well as local interest; and in 1785 he published "A Collection of Celebrated Criminal Trials in Scotland, with Historical and Critical Remarks," a work of great research, in which the cases are very happily chosen, and the narrative given with liveliness, ease, and caustic humour. He died in 1786.—F.
* ARNOTT, Dr. Neill, was born at Dysart, near Montrose, in the year 1788. He studied at Aberdeen, removed in 1806 to London, and soon obtained the appointment of surgeon in the naval service of the East India Company. In 1811 he settled as a medical practitioner in London, where he became distinguished as a lecturer. In 1827 he published his great work, "Elements of Physics or Natural Philosophy, General and Medical, explained in plain or non-technical language." In 1838 he wrote an "Essay on Warming and Ventilating," subjects to which he has devoted much attention. He is known as the inventor of the "Arnott Stove," the "Arnott Ventilator," and the "Water Bed." Dr. Arnott is now living in retirement from his professional duties.—J. B.
ARNOUL or ARNULF, an ecclesiastic who accompanied Robert II., duke of Normandy, as chaplain in the first crusade; was appointed in 1099, by the christian princes, to administer the revenues of the church in Jerusalem, and by his intrigues contrived to obtain the patriarchate of the holy city in 1111; he died in 1118.
ARNOUL, Bishop of Lisieux, died 3rd August, 1183. He was known favourably for the vain efforts he made to reconcile Henry II. of England with Thomas-à-Becket. He wrote "Epistolæ Conciones et Epigrammata," Paris, 1585.
ARNOUL, René, a French poet, born 1569; died 1639; author of "L'Enfance de René Arnoul," Poictiers, 1587.
ARNOUL. See Arnulf.
ARNOUL. See Arnolfo.
ARNOULD, Ambroise Marie, a French financier, born 1750; died 1812. He rose through various ranks to be councillor of state, a position which he owed to his influence on all questions connected with political economy. He wrote several works on commerce and finance.
ARNOULD, Jean François Mussot, a French actor, one of the originators of pantomime, born 1734; died 1795.
ARNOULD, Joseph, an ingenious watchmaker, born 1723; died 1791; author of several inventions in his craft, more curious than useful.
ARNOULD, Madeleine Sophie, a celebrated French actress, born at Paris 1744; died in 1803. Though famous as a comedian and a singer, Sophie made herself still more illustrious by her wit, which was satirical and caustic. Many of her sayings are recorded in "Arnouldiana, ou Sophie Arnould et ses Contemporaines," and still obtain a currency as bon mots.—A. L.
ARNOULT, Jean Baptiste, a French teacher, born 1689; died 1753; distinguished by his little book of proverbs, French, Italian, and Spanish, entitled "Traité de la Prudence," Besançon, 1733.
ARNOUX, Jean, a French theologian and preacher, born at Riom in Auvergne in the year 1575; died in 1636. He was appointed confessor to Louis XIII. in 1617. Towards the end of his life he was so unfortunate as to fall into a condition of monomania of a peculiar kind, fancying himself a cock, trying to fly, perching upon rafters, eating food out of a wooden bowl, and crowing, to the annoyance of his neighbours, in the morning. He is the author of "Oraison Funèbre de Henri IV."—A. L.
ARNSCHWANGER, John C., a divine of Nürnberg, born there 1625; died 1696. He is chiefly known for his sacred poetry, which was very popular in his own time.
ARNSTEIN or ARSTEN, Jo. H., a Lutheran preacher, born 1644; died in 1698. He taught and preached in various places, wrote annotations on Plutarch, and several theological tracts.
ARNTZENIUS or ARNTZEN, Johann, a philologist of great learning and critical acumen, was born at Wessel in 1702, and died in 1759 at Utrecht, where he was professor of history, poetry, and rhetoric. His editions of Aurelius Victor, Amst. 1733; of the Panegyricus of Pliny, Amst. 1738; and of Pacatus Drepanius, Amst. 1753, are valuable.
ARNTZENIUS, Heinrich Johann, son of Johann, professor of jurisprudence at Utrecht, where he died in 1797; published meritorious editions of Arator, Zutphen, 1769; and of the Panegyrici Veteres, Utrecht, 1790-97.
ARNTZENIUS, Otto, brother of Johann, born at Arnheim 1703; died in 1763 at Amsterdam. He was teacher successively in the gymnasia of Utrecht, Gouda, Delft, and Amsterdam, and
