Slavonians, Bulgarians, and Wallachians remained in the same condition as before. The country was divided into counties, and a regular administration introduced. Having thus achieved his great task, Arpad fixed his residence at the island of Csepel, in the Danube, close under Pest, and wisely refrained from taking part in any new military expedition, fully satisfied that conquests beyond the natural boundaries of the country cannot be maintained. He could not, however, control the roving propensities of his subordinate leaders, who, year after year, made predatory inroads into Germany, the Byzantine empire, Italy, and even France. Arpad died in 907, without being able completely to transform his nomadic hordes into an agricultural nation. Their raids into the neighbouring empires under his son Zoltan and his grandson Toxus became still more formidable, so much so, that the nations of western Europe inserted the prayer into the litany of that time: "From the Hungarians preserve us, O Lord!" Both the emperors of the west and of the east had to buy an armistice by heavy tribute, during which Henry of Germany built towns and fortified them, that the country should not be overrun by the Hungarians, whilst the Byzantine emperor tried to convert them to Christianity, through those chiefs who were sent to Constantinople as hostages for the good behaviour of that nation during the truce. Whilst in this manner the predatory excursions became less frequent during the tenth century, the princes of Hungary were intent to strengthen their power, by inviting foreign colonists and knights to settle in the country, granting them the same rights and immunities as were enjoyed by the Magyars. From these, and from the vast numbers of prisoners brought from the predatory excursions throughout central and southern Europe, the Magyars became by degrees familiarized with the manners, customs, civilization, and morals of the Christian population of Europe. Prince Geiza, the great-grandson of Arpad, was favourably inclined to the Christian creed, and finally converted by his wife Sarolta, though he casually still sacrificed to his idols of old, meeting the reproaches of his wife by the assertion, that he could afford to serve both the old gods and the new one. It was his son St. Stephen, who, in the year 1000, converted the Hungarians, and got the royal crown.—F. P., L.
ARPAJON, Louis, two French generals, distinguished, one in the reign of Louis XIII., the other under Louis XIV.
ARPE, Peter Friedrich, a Danish philosopher and jurist, born in 1682 at Kiel, in Holstein, studied at the university of his native town, and afterwards at Copenhagen, where he was employed as tutor to a young nobleman. He afterwards passed some time in Holland. On his return to Kiel, he was appointed professor of law; but in 1724 was dismissed from his chair, and retired to Hamburg, where he passed the remainder of his life in multifarious literary labours. Two of his works deserve particular mention:—1. "Theatrum Fati; sive notitia Scriptorum de Providentia, Fortuna, et Fato;" and 2. "Themis Cimbrica; sive de Cimbrorum et vicinarum gentium antiquissimis institutis," 1747.—J. S., G.
ARPINO, Cavalier Giuseppe Cesari d', also called Il Giuseppino, born at Arpino in 1560. At thirteen years of age he was sent by his father to Rome to wait upon the artists then employed in the Vatican, when he showed so great a talent for painting as to attract the attention and deserve the immediate patronage of Pope Gregory XIII., by whom he was attached to the works with a considerable stipend. Thus he became, first the pupil, and soon the rival, of Roncalli, Palma the younger, and Muziano, with whom he was working in the Vatican. Four consecutive popes continued their favours to this eminent and graceful artist, one of them (Clement VIII.) having raised him to the dignity of knighthood. He was equally successful at the court of Henry IV. of France, where he accompanied his great friend and patron, the Cardinal Aldobrandini, on the occasion of the marriage of the French king with Maria of Medicis. The abundance, however, of favours and honours conferred on him, finished by affecting both his personal character and his artistical style. Whilst the lively conception, the accurate design, and careful execution, that marked the latter, became poor, coarse, and neglected, his temper, too, became altered, and turned haughty and quarrelsome. He had many squabbles with Michel Angelo da Caravaggio, whom he refused to fight with because he was not a knight, and with Annibale Caracci, who, when called out by D'Arpino. declined to confront him with any other weapon than his brush. D'Arpino lived to the full age of eighty years, and died in 1640, leaving an immense number of works, the earliest amongst which are the most esteemed.—R. M.
ARPINO, Jacopo Francesco, physician in ordinary to Prince Maurice of Savoy, was born at Podivarino in Piedmont. He published in 1655, a work entitled "Historia de Statu Epidemico, anno 1654, in oppido et agro patrio, ad Collegium Physico-Medicum Taurinense."
ARQUATO, Giovanni Francesco, an Italian physician, was born at Trivisano, in the states of Venice, about the commencement of the seventeenth century. His principal work, published at Venice—the first volume in 1608, and the second in 1622—is entitled "Medicus Reformatus."
AR-RA´DHI-BILLAH, Abu-l'-Abbas Mohammed, the twentieth caliph of the house of Abbas, son of Almuktadir-Billah, reigned from the dethronement of the usurper Al-Kahir in 934, till his death in 940. Two years of his reign were passed in forced subserviency to the will of an ambitious slave, named Bahkham, from whose administration directly followed the decline of the caliphate.—J. S., G.
ARRAGON, Joan of. See Aragona, Giovanna d'.
ARRAGON, Tullia d'. See Aragona, Tullia d'.
ARRAGOSIUS, Gulielmus, a French physician, born near Toulouse in 1513; was successively physician to Henry II., Francis II., and Charles IX. of France, and to the Emperor Maximilian. He died at Basle in 1610. Two Latin epistles are all that have been preserved of his writings.
ARRAIS, Duarte Madeira, a skilful Portuguese surgeon, physician to John, fourth king of Portugal, was born at Moimenta, near Lamego, and died at Lisbon in 1652. He wrote some valuable medical treatises in Portuguese and Latin.
ARRAIZ, Amador, born in the city of Beja in 1530, rose to be bishop of Portalegre. He wrote dialogues after the style of Plato. They were named "Dialogos Morais," or in the Latin translation, "Dialogi decem de Divina Providentia." Arraiz died in 1600; he takes rank as one of the classic writers of Portugal.
ARRAN, Earl of. See Hamilton.
AR-RASHID, Abu Mohammed Abdul Wahed II., tenth sultan of Western Africa, of the dynasty of the Almohades, succeeded his father, Al-Mamun Abu-l'-ola Idris, in 1232, and after subduing the formidable opposition of his kinsman Yahia, reigned peacefully till his death in 1242.
ARRAULT, Charles, a distinguished French lawyer, born at Bois-commun in 1643, became batonnier of the advocates of the parliament of Paris, and standing counsel to the regent (duke of Orleans). Some of his pleadings were published, and fully sustained the fame of his brilliant appearances at the bar.
ARREBOE, Anders, a Danish theologian and poet, was born in the island of Ærroe in 1587. In 1610 he was appointed preacher at the palace of Copenhagen, and in 1618, on the recommendation of Christian IV., was elected to the bishopric of Drontheim, from which he was dismissed for licentious conduct in 1621. He was afterwards readmitted into the church, and at the time of his death in 1637, had held with credit, for some years, the pastorship of Vordinborg. His poetry, notwithstanding its antiquated style and its want of invention, is still admired in Denmark for certain features of power and beauty, such as are not to be perceived in any other Danish productions of the seventeenth century.—J. S., G.
ARREDONDO, Don Isidoro, a Spanish painter, pupil of Garcia, and afterwards of Rizzi, whom he succeeded as painter to Charles II. of Spain, was born in 1653 at Colmenar de Oreja, and died at Madrid in 1702.
ARRERAC, John d', a counsellor in the parliament of Bordeaux, published a book on civil and political philosophy, divided into Irenarchy, or the state of peace, and Polenarchy, or the state of war, 1598.
* ARREST, D', a modern astronomical observer of great merit. We owe to him the discovery, in 1851, of the interior comet which bears his name. The period of D'Arrest's comet is 6·44 years; its mean distance from the sun 3·46; its perihelion distance 1·17; its aphelion distance 5·75. The inclination of the plane of its orbit to the plane of the ecliptic is 13° 56´ 12´´.
ARRHENIUS, Clas or Claudius, a Swedish historian, successively professor of logic and metaphysics, and of history, at Upsal, member of the Swedish college of antiquities, librarian to the university, secretary and historiographer to the king, was born at Linkoping in 1627, and died at Stockholm in 1695. His principal work is a history of the Swedish church, published
