returned to his native city. He adorned his capital with numerous public edifices; and, by the civil and religious liberty enjoyed under his government, attracted thither great numbers of strangers, who there took up their permanent residence. By the extinction of the elder branch of the family in 1771, he succeeded to the dominions of his cousin, the margrave of Baden-Baden. At the period of the Revolution he lost his possessions in Lorraine and Alsace; and so anxious was he to retain friendly relations with France, that he not only made many great sacrifices to secure this object, but even in 1804 issued a decree of exclusion against all the emigrants, and every individual attached to the army of Condé. He continued faithful in his attachment to the fortunes of Napoleon, under whose influence he was enabled considerably to extend his dominions. In 1803, he took the title of elector, which he afterwards exchanged for that of grand-duke, which had been conferred on him by his powerful ally. He was twice married, and had fourteen children, the fruit of these unions. One of his daughters was married to Maximilian, king of Bavaria; another to Gustavus IV., king of Sweden; and a third to the Emperor Alexander. He was succeeded by his grandson, Lewis-Frederick.
Charles-Lewis-Frederick, Grand-duke of Baden, grandson of the preceding, born at Carlsruhe, 8th June, 1786; died at Rastadt, 8th December, 1818. In 1804 he assisted at the coronation of Napoleon; and in 1806 married Mademoiselle Stéphanie Tascher de la Pagerie, the adopted daughter of Napoleon, and cousin of the Empress Josephine. He was shortly afterwards called on to take part in the campaigns of Prussia and of Poland; and having distinguished himself at the battle of Jena, and at the siege of Dantzic, he obtained the rank of general of infantry. He afterwards assisted in the campaign of Austria; and in 1811 he succeeded his grandfather, whose political principles he adopted. He was among the last to abandon the French alliance; nevertheless he succeeded in maintaining his dominions entire, part of which had been coveted by the king of Bavaria. A short time before his death, he gave to his people a constitution similar to that of the kingdom of Wurtemberg. He left no sons, and was succeeded by his uncle, Lewis-Augustus-William.
Lewis-Augustus-William, Grand-duke of Baden, son of Charles-Frederick, born 9th February, 1763, died at Carlsruhe, 30th March, 1830. Being at first destined to a military career, he served in the Prussian army until the treaty of 1795. He afterwards returned to Carlsruhe, where he held the office of minister-of-war until the death of his father. When called to the throne in 1818, he hastened to ratify the constitution which had been accorded by his father; but the Chambers having shown themselves hostile to the government, were several times prorogued. During his reign the county of Hohengeroldseck in the Black Forest, was reunited to the grand duchy. The Grand-duke Lewis having died without issue, was succeeded by Leopold, the eldest of the margraves.
Leopold I., Grand-duke of Baden, successor of the preceding, died 24th April, 1852. He was the eldest son of the Grand-duke Charles-Frederick, by his marriage with the countess of Hochberg, of the house of Geyar-Gyersberg; the children of that union having by the organic statute of 1806, and the letters patent of 4th October, 1817, been declared capable of succeeding. Baden had enjoyed a constitutional government since the 22nd of August, 1818, and many laws had been passed of great public utility; but during the reign of Leopold a reaction took place, and on the 28th July, 1832, the law of the press was withdrawn by the Baden government. The conflict between the liberal and reactionary parties continued until February, 1848, when the revolution in France revived and extended the hopes of the liberals. The adoption by the government of Baden of the constitution of the empire, voted 28th March, 1849, became the pretext for a republican insurrection, which in the month of May burst out at Rastadt with peculiar violence; and the grand-duke was compelled to abandon his dominions, and take refuge in Strasburg. But Prussia speedily sent to his assistance an army under the command of General Peucker, who, in the following month, attacked and defeated the republicans, and reinstated Leopold in his sovereignty. His restoration was at first followed by sanguinary executions, but, with the concurrence of the Chambers, the government was soon led to the adoption of more moderate and conciliatory measures. New laws were passed regulating the administration of the communes, the press, and the right of popular meetings. A new penal code was adopted, and a new code of procedure; and, while public liberty was in a great degree secured, the administrative authority was placed on a firmer basis.—G. M.
BADEN, Gustav Ludvig, eldest son of Jacob Baden, was born 1764. He acquired a reputation by his historical monographs. As a writer of history he does not rank so high. His "History of the Kingdom of Denmark," was published in 1829-32.
BADEN, Jakob, a distinguished Danish critic, grammarian, and philologist, was born at Wordingborg in 1735. He studied at Copenhagen, Gottingen, and Leipzig, and on his return to his native country in 1760, commenced a course of lectures at Copenhagen. He was elected shortly after rector of the Pædagogium at Altona; in 1766, of the high school at Helsingör; and in 1779, professor of eloquence and Latin at Copenhagen. He was the founder of the so-called Critical Journal, 1768-79, which contributed greatly by its acumen and ability to the formation of the public taste. Baden was the first who established lectures on the Danish language, and his Danish Grammar continued long to be the established authority. He was also a pioneer in his Latin-Danish, and Danish-Latin Dictionary. He prepared school selections from Horace, Virgil, and Phædrus, with various translations from the same authors. His "Opuscula," 1760, show how much he accomplished alone as a Latinist. From 1793 to 1801, he edited the University Journal. He died in Copenhagen, 1804.—M. H.
BADEN, Laurids de, a Danish theologian, born at Horsen in 1616; died in 1689. He published a work on morals, entitled "Himelstige."
BADEN, Sophia Louisa Charlotte, a Danish authoress, born at Copenhagen in 1740; published in 1792 "Der Forstatte Grandison" (The New Grandison).
BADEN, Torkill, a Danish philologist, rector of an academy at Holberg in Zealand; was born in 1668, and died in 1732. His principal work is entitled "Roma Danica, harmoniam atque affinitatem linguæ Danicæ cum Romana Exhibens."
BADEN, Törkel, brother of Gustav Ludvig, born 1765, is highly esteemed as an archæologist. After having studied in the university of Copenhagen, he spent many years in travelling through Germany and Italy. In 1794 he was appointed professor of eloquence and philosophy at Kiel, and in 1804 secretary to the Academy of Art at Copenhagen, which office he retained till 1812. His writings on ancient art, published at various times from 1792 to 1825, brought him into connection with the most esteemed archæologists and friends of art in all countries. His Letters on Art, to and from C. L. von Hagedorn, were published at Leipzig, 1797. In 1820 he was engaged in a contest with the learned Finn Magnusen, on the availability of the northern mythology for representation through the fine arts; but from the classical tendency of his mind he appears somewhat blind to the peculiar grandeur and poetic wealth of his native north. In 1821 he published an edition of Seneca's tragedies, a work of great critical and philological ability.—M. H.
BADENIUS, Andreas, a German theologian, died in 1667.
BADENIUS, Christian, a German theologian, son of the preceding, lived in the first half of the eighteenth century. His principal work, "Johanniticum de Veritate Testimonium," was published in 1710.
BADENS, François, a Flemish painter, native of Antwerp, in 1571; studied at Amsterdam and in Italy, and received the surname of the Italianer, on account of the warm southerly tints of his figures. He was equally successful in portraits, landscapes, and allegories. Died 1603.—R. M.
BADESI, Girolamo, a Roman writer, who flourished about the year 1570. He wrote various poems, and Lodovico Jacopo da S. Carlo states that he received a magnificent reward in money for a Latin poem, entitled "De Sacello Exquilino a Sixto V. Pontifice Extructo."—A. C. M.
BADESSA, Paulo, a Sicilian poet of the middle of the sixteenth century, was a native of Messina. He left translations of the Iliad and Odyssey, and of Ovid's Metamorphoses.
BADHAM, Charles, M.D., F.R.S., professor of medicine in the university of Glasgow. Having completed his medical education at Edinburgh, he entered Pembroke college, Oxford, where he graduated, B.A., M.A., and M.D. He commenced his career in London as a medical lecturer. In 1808 he published a treatise on bronchitis, and not long after became a fellow of the College of Physicians. About 1815 he published
