large outlay. When he had been more than thirty years engaged in public life, the borough of Leeds was enfranchised under the reform act, and Mr. Baines was thought by many of the electors to be well qualified to represent them in parliament. But his modesty, no less than his literary and business engagements, caused him to shrink from the honour; and he actively promoted the return of the eloquent advocate of the reform act in the House of Commons, Mr., now Lord Macaulay, together with a wealthy manufacturer of the town, Mr. John Marshall, jun. In little more than a year, however, a vacancy was created in the representation by the appointment of Mr. Macaulay to a seat in the council of the governor-general of India; and Mr. Baines now allowed himself to be nominated as the candidate of the liberal party. Though opposed by Sir John Beckett, who belonged to a family of wealthy and influential bankers in Leeds, Mr. Baines was returned, after a severe contest, in Feb., 1834, and he continued to represent the borough in three parliaments, being re-elected at the general elections of 1835 and 1837. Nothing could be more exemplary than his discharge of parliamentary duty. His attention to the local interests of his constituents was prompt and efficient in the highest degree, and in national questions he gave a general support to the liberal administrations of Lords Grey and Melbourne, but still maintained entire independence of judgment and action. He was considered as a representative of the dissenters, and he strongly pressed an abolition of the church-rates—a measure which the government more than once attempted to carry, but without success. He also sought to improve the livings of the poor clergy out of the revenues of the church, by more strictly levying the first-fruits and tenths, and by applying Queen Anne's bounty more in accordance with the original intention. In this object he did not succeed, but the end he had in view has since been in some degree attained. At the general election of 1841, owing to failing health, he withdrew from parliamentary life; but he continued to discharge the duties of a magistrate and a citizen, with an especial regard to the interests of the poor, until his death on the 3d of August, 1848, in his seventy-fifth year. Such was the general sense of his virtues that he received a public funeral, and a marble statue to his memory is placed in the noble town-hall of Leeds. Mr. Baines remarkably combined public with domestic virtues, indefatigable energy with calm prudence, and commercial success with sincere piety, and a philanthropy which extended from his poorest neighbour to the most friendless slave and most benighted heathen. He married the daughter of Mr. Matthew Talbot, the learned author of a valuable analysis of the Holy Bible, by whom he had eleven children, nine of whom survived him. The eldest, Matthew Talbot, attained eminence at the bar, was elected member of parliament for Hull in 1847, and for Leeds in 1852, and subsequent parliaments; he became successively president of the poor-law board, and chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, with a seat in the cabinet, and at the privy council. The second son, Edward, has for many years, in association with his younger brother, Frederick, been the editor of the Leeds Mercury, is the author of the History of the Cotton Manufacture, the biographer of his father, and an active promoter of popular education, but relying on the efforts of the people themselves, to the exclusion of government action. The third son, Thomas, is the author of the History of Liverpool.—E. B.
* BAINES, Henry, superintendent of the botanic garden at York. He has published a Flora of Yorkshire.
BAINES, Matthew Talbot, late chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, a member of Lord Palmerston's cabinet and of the privy council, was the eldest son of the above Edward Baines, and was born at Leeds on the 17th February, 1799. He was educated at Richmond school, Yorkshire, and Trinity college, Cambridge; he was senior optime in 1820, scholar of Trinity college, Dr. Hooper's declamation-prizeman, and King William III.'s declamation-prizeman. He was called to the bar in 1825, and after a successful professional course, was made a Queen's counsel in 1841, and became one of the leading barristers on the northern circuit. From 1837 to 1847 he tilled the office of recorder of Hull, and so completely acquired the confidence of the inhabitants, that in the latter year he was chosen to represent the borough in parliament. He was the author of two useful acts for removing defects in the administration of the poor and in criminal justice. He was appointed by Lord John Russell president of the poor-law board in January, 1849, and filled that difficult and delicate office with satisfaction to all parties until August, 1855, except during the brief interval of Lord Derby's administration. In 1852 he was elected to represent his native town, Leeds, in the House of Commons, and has been three times re-elected for the same borough. In December, 1855, he was appointed chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, with a seat in the cabinet, and resigned office with Lord Palmerston in February, 1858. He was distinguished by calm and clear judgment, indefatigable application to business, and uprightness and dignity of character. He died 21st January, 1860.—E. B.
BAINI, Giuseppe, a musician and writer on music, was born at Rome in 1770, where he died in 1844. He sung as a boy in the pontifical chapel, where he was afterwards retained as a bass, when he became celebrated for the singular beauty of his voice, and the excellence of his style; and in 1817 he was appointed director—an office which, until then, had been included in that of "maestro di capella." He received his first instruction in counterpoint from his uncle, Lorenzo Baini of Venice, a musician of the ancient Roman school, who produced a stabat mater and several motets, which are much commended; and he continued his study of composition in the same style under Giuseppe Jannaconi, whose friend and pupil he became in 1802. His education was not confined to music, but combined with this general learning, and especially theology; he was thus enabled to enter the church, and in this profession to rise to the distinction of a don and an abbé. He is best known as a composer by his "Miserere," produced in 1821, which is performed in the Sistine chapel on Holy Thursday, in alternation with that of Allegri and the one of Bai, being the only work that is allowed to take place beside these famous masterpieces. There are several other ecclesiastical compositions of his, which are like this in the severe style, and which remain in manuscript. The original bias of his mind, his early associations in the choir, and the whole tendency of his musical training, peculiarly disposed him to appreciate the merits of Palestrina, on which he set so high a value that he undertook the collection and publication of the entire works, printed and unprinted, of this great master. Baini is chiefly distinguished for his writings upon music, which display a depth of knowledge, a diligence of research, an enthusiasm for his subject, and a mastery of diction, that have gained him the highest esteem. His first work, printed in 1806, "Lettera sopra il motetto a quattro cori del Sig. Marco Santucci," is an elaborate piece of criticism; his next, printed in 1820, "Saggio-sopra l'identita de' ritmi musicale e poetico," was written in reply to sixteen questions proposed to him by the Count de St. Leu, who published a French translation of the book; his third and most important, printed in 1828, "Memorie storico critiche della vita e delle opere di Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina," is one of the most valuable authorities on musical history extant. Baini's reverential admiration for the greatest master of the diatonic style, stimulated him to spend extraordinary pains upon this biography. It has been urged against it, that his superlative idea of Palestrina led him to depreciate other composers, his contemporaries, and that he evinces throughout the work a remarkable deficiency of knowledge of the works and the merits of all musicians out of Italy; accordingly, Franz Kandler, in his elaborate and conscientious German translation of the book, has incorporated extensive commentaries of his own, which, while they in no respect interfere with what the author writes of his hero, make the book equally complete in collateral particulars. For this work Baini had especial advantages in his priest's office, which gave him access to ecclesiastical and even private libraries, that would have been closed to him had he been a layman: in particular, he made great use of the celebrated MS. of Giuseppe Ottavio Pitoni, "Notizie de' contrappuntisti Compositori di musica degl' anni dell' era cristiana 1000," by means of which, more than all the other authorities at his command, he has been able to give a most copious account of the progress of music in the papal chapel in the period prior to Ockenheim, and so to supply the insufficiencies and correct the errors of Adami, Gerber, and other esteemed musico-ecclesiastical historical writers. Though he reached to an advanced age, his health was for very long greatly impaired by his unceasing labours, especially in his clerical duties, in discharge of which, particularly in the office of the confessional, he was unremittingly zealous. Thus he distinguished himself in the fourfold capacity of singer, composer, critical historian, and priest, with almost equal eminence; but the character in which he has rendered the most enduring advantage to the world, is that of a
