he was left in command of the victorious army; but its strength had been exhausted in the battle, and, after ravaging Thessaly, he was obliged to follow his father into Italy. Four years afterwards he shared in the honours of the naval victory gained by his father off Corfu over the Greeks and Venetians. In 1085 Robert Guiscard died, leaving to his younger son Roger his duchies of Apulia and Calabria, and to Bohemond only the principality of Tarentum. With this unequal division of the family estates commenced a war between the brothers, which promised to be long and bloody. But the mighty passion to which the preaching of the hermit of Picardy had stirred the chivalry of Europe, was to sweep the wily Bohemond, who surrendered to no enthusiasm, but was always in the way of an adventurous movement, out of the sphere of a paltry strife into one where his ambition had ample scope. He heard of realms to be won for the honour of the cross, and discerning that an invasion of the East might be for the profit of christian princes, he joined with his illustrious cousin, Tancred, the host of the first crusaders. At the head of twenty thousand infantry and ten thousand cavalry he advanced on Constantinople. In vain he had urged Godfrey of Bouillon to make the reduction of that city the first object of the holy war. He could not besiege the capital of the empire; he, therefore, made a conquest of Alexius. The son of Robert Guiscard was lodged in royal style, loaded with presents, and, it is said, promised an independent principality by the feeble monarch from whom the Norman duke had all but wrested an empire at Durazzo. At the battle of Dorylæum, and throughout the fearful campaigns of Asia Minor and Syria, he approved himself the bravest of Norman knights. His reputation with the motley host who formed the siege of Antioch, might have been the envy of Tancred; but as soon as the city fell into the hands of the crusaders, it was discovered that the prince of Tarentum had other purposes in view than those of punishing the infidels of Jerusalem, and recovering the holy sepulchre. The count of Toulouse claimed a share of the conquest; the leaders of the army urged Bohemond to advance with them to Jerusalem; but here was a city and a principality exactly suitable to his ambition, and so taking possession of both, he took leave of the army and the count of Toulouse. In 1101 he was defeated by the Turks and taken prisoner. His ransom, after two years' captivity, was 130,000 byzants. Shortly after his release he recommenced his wars with Alexius, who claimed, according to treaty, the surrender of Antioch and its territory. He went to France, and by his marriage with the daughter of Philip I. acquired the right to levy an army, with which he invaded the empire in 1107. Repulsed before Durazzo, he was obliged to sue for peace. A treaty was concluded the following year, which he was on the point of breaking when he died at Canosa in Apulia in 1111. Gibbon fairly enough describes him as "an adversary whom neither oaths could bind, nor dangers could appal, nor prosperity could satiate."
Bohemond II., at his father's death was only four years of age. He went to Palestine in 1126, and received from Baldwin II. investiture in the sovereignty of Antioch, which, since the death of his father, had been united to the kingdom of Jerusalem. His reign was short and troublous. He was killed in an encounter with the Turks at Aleppo in 1130.
Bohemond III. reigned at Antioch in 1163-1201. He was crafty, treacherous, and unwarlike, and made himself infamous by refusing to shelter the fugitives from Jerusalem after its capture by Saladin.
Bohemond IV., after a long struggle with his nephew, Raymond Rupin, son of his elder brother, became by the death of his rival, master of Antioch and Tripoli in 1222. Died in 1223.
Bohemond V., son and successor of the preceding, died in 1253. He was long and unsuccessfully at war with the Kharizmians and Armenians.
Bohemond VI. surrendered Antioch to the Mameluke sultan, Bibars, in 1268, and retired to Tripoli, where he died in 1274.
Bohemond VII., count of Tripoli, son of the preceding, died in 1287. A year after his father's death his estates were taken possession of by Calaoun, sultan of Egypt and Syria.—J. S., G.
BOHLE, Samuel, a German protestant theologian and Hebraist, author of various commentaries on the Old Testament and of a Hebrew grammar, born at Greiffenberg in Pomerania in 1611; died in 1689.—J. S., G.
* BÖHM, Joseph, a violinist, was born in Pesth in 1798. He received his first instruction in singing and on his instrument from his father. In 1806 his family removed to Poland, and there, when in 1810 the war with France obliged Rode to leave Russia, this distinguished artist saw him, perceived his promising talent, and aided its development no less by his encouragement than by his counsel. In 1815 Böhm went to Vienna, where he played before the emperor with success. After spending three years in the Austrian capital, he made an artistic tour in Italy, and gained honours in every city he visited. In 1819 he returned to Vienna, where he was appointed professor in the conservatory. In 1821 he was engaged as solo violinist in the imperial chapel. Two years after this he made a tour through Germany and France, and appeared in Paris with the same success he experienced in all the smaller cities. Since this time he has resided constantly at Vienna, and has for very many years ceased to appear in public; a habit of nervousness which has grown upon him, having in a great measure unfitted him for playing. He has, however, eminently distinguished himself as a teacher, in which capacity he will always be remembered with interest, since it is his instruction which has developed the transcendent talent of Ernst and of Joachim. He has published some light pieces for his instrument.—G. A. M.
* BÖHM, Theobald, the improver of the flute, was born at Munich, where his father was a goldsmith and jeweller, about the year 1802. Though he learned and practised his father's trade, he applied himself early to the study of the flute, on which instrument he obtained such proficiency that in 1818 he was appointed principal flutist in the royal chapel of the king of Bavaria. Dissatisfied with the imperfect construction of his instrument, he constantly considered how he might improve it, and, after many experiments, sketched and completed his system of ringed keys in 1831. The deficiency of the old flute consists in the irregular position of the holes (necessitated to bring them in reach of the fingers) and the various sizes of these, which occasions inequality in the tone of the different notes, but is the only means by which an approximation to correct intonation can be obtained. Böhm's improvement is, the arrangement of the holes so as to certify the intonation and equalize the tone, and the employment of keys to render the fingering practicable. His knowledge of mechanics, acquired in his father's workshop, was of no less value to him in his experiments than was his executive skill. Some years after he had made his first flute, he further improved upon this by changing the form of the bore, making that of the head joint a parabolical cone, and of the body joint a cylinder, with advantage to both the quality and the intonation, in the construction of the second flute. He was greatly assisted throughout his labours by the scientific investigations of Dr. Schafhautl who verified, upon acoustical principles, the results of his friend's practical experiments. The new flute was first made and sold in 1832. From 1833 to 1836 Böhm was much in England, where his speculations in iron-works chiefly occupied him. Here he was most successful as a player, but found the greatest opposition to his invention. This opposition arose from his flute requiring entirely different fingering from that of the old one, and the natural disinclination of accomplished players to cast aside their accustomed method. In May, 1837, he read a paper upon his improvement before the French Academy of Sciences, after which his flute was adopted in the conservatoire of Paris. Mr. Cart and Mr. Clinton, about the year 1843, publicly adopted Böhm's flute, in consequence of which a most vehement discussion on its merits was maintained for many months in the London musical journals. At the Great Exhibition in 1851, Böhm received the council medal for his invention. The flute is now very generally approved, and the principles of its construction have been successively applied to all the other wood wind instruments. Besides being a distinguished performer and an extensive manufacturer, Böhm has had considerable success as a composer for his instrument. He still holds his court appointment at Munich, where he is greatly sought as a teacher.—G. A. M.
* BOHN, Henry George, bookseller and publisher, eldest son of the late Mr. John Bohn, of an ancient German family, was born in London in 1796. After receiving a liberal education, he travelled extensively on the continent, and gradually formed, and for many years conducted, his father's business, as a foreign and classical bookseller. In 1830 he married the only daughter of the late William Simpkin, Esq., head of the firm of Simpkin & Marshall, and then commenced business on his own account in
