cinquante millions de contributions, vous aurez six vaisseaux de guerre, et autant de frégates, qui joints à ma marine de Toulon, rendront plus difficile et plus chanceuse aux Anglais leur domination sur la Méditerranée. N'employez pas trop les troupes Napolitaines, qui vous abondonneraient si j'étais battu en Italie. Il faut calculer ainsi. Employez des troupes qui ne vous abandonneront pas. Souvenez-vous de ce que je vous dis: le destin de votre règne dépend de votre conduite à votre retour de Calabre. Ne pardonnez point; faites passer par les armes au moins six cents révoltés : ils m'ont égorgé un plus grand nombre de soldats. Faités brûler les maisons de trente des principaux chefs de villages, et distribuez leur propriétés à l'armée. Désarmez tous les habitans, et faites piller cinq ou six gros villages de ceux qui se sont le plus mal comportés…. Recommandez aux soldats de bien traiter les villes qui sont restées fidèles. Privez de leur biens communaux les villages revoltés, et donnez-les à l'armée; surtout désarmez avec vigueur." These are not extracts selected for a purpose. They illustrate very pertinently the naive words of the present occupant of Napoleon's throne,—"L'Empire a tombé pour avoir etendu trop loin son action civilisatrice. Il n'était donne, ni a la plus grande nation, ni au plus grand genie, de combattre à la fois l'ancien regime sur les bords du Tage et sur ceux de la Moscawa, et de regenerer l'Europe en dix ans!" The regeneration spoken of, had roots very different from that whose proposal has immortalized the Macedonian. Few will marvel, and still fewer lament, that the artificial fabric all fell with the statue of Napoleon.—On the 9th of July, 1808, Joseph left Bayonne on his entry into Spain, of which country he had been proclaimed king on the 6th of June previous. We presume that few persons ever required to leave such a history as he has bequeathed in his memoirs of that extraordinary crime of Napoleon I. He had scarcely entered on Spanish soil before making the discovery that every one of the circumstances which rendered a beneficent reign possible in Naples, had there its opposite. Although exasperated with Godoy, the Spanish people looked with affection on young Ferdinand, and their long monarchical traditions. It was a people proud in its nationality; and the influence of municipalities that had survived for so many ages, rendered French centralization utterly hateful, as indeed was the whole spirit of the French people. Spain and France can never harmonize. The descendants of the Goth and the Moor cannot meet in fraternity any branch of the family of the Celt. The good sense, the tact, and the humanity of Joseph speedily discerned the amount of his brother's fatal error; but he failed to dissipate illusions, which were already pointing to Fontainebleau and the rock of St. Helena. For instance, he writes very early :—"Sire! Personne n'a dit jusqu'ici toute la verite à votre majesté. Le fait est qu'il n'y a pas un Espagnol qui se montre pour moi excepté le petit nombre de personnes qui ont assiste à la junte et qui voyagent avec moi." And again, "Je ne suis point epouvanté de ma position, mais elle est unique dans l'histoire; je n'ai pas ici un seul partisan!" And in August, after he had fully acquainted himself with the position of affairs, he writes, "Votre gloire, Sire! echouera en Espagne!" Had not Napoleon been blinded by good fortune, the incursion he afterwards made personally into Spain, would have satisfied him of the fidelity of his brother's judgment; as it was, he subjected two hundred leagues of territory, but did not gain one adherent; his triumphal entry into Madrid did not confirm Joseph's throne, it merely opened a retreat as far as the Pyrennees. We wish we could pass over and forget the personal relations between the brothers during these disastrous years. Unable to silence the remonstrances which duty constrained the brother—once "bien-aimé"—to make, Napoleon trampled alike on them and their author. His marauding generals felt little of Joseph's responsibilities—certainly they had not a touch of his sense of justice. Napoleon accordingly sent orders to these men directly; and his brother had the mortification of finding himself a king with no people to follow him, and nominally at the head of an army which he had no power to direct in the most trifling point of strategy. The issue belongs to history: we shall not dwell on its disasters. But in final vindication of the character and wisdom of Joseph, we subjoin an extract from another letter addressed to Napoleon from Naples, bearing date 29th March, 1807. "Sire, je suis dans cette situation d'esprit que votre majesté connait en moi, et dans laquelle j'aime à dire, tout ce que je crois bon. Eh bien! Votre majesté doit faire la paix à tout prix. Votre majesté est victorieuse, triomphante partout; elle doit reculer devant le sang de ses peuples; c'est au prince à retenir le heros. Quelque étendue de pays de plus ou de moins ne doit pas vous retenir; toutes les concessions que vous ferez seront glorieuses parce qu'elles soront utiles à vos peuples dont le plus pur sang s'écoule, et que victorieux et invincible comme vous êtes, de l'accord de tous, nulle condition ne peut vous être supposée prescrite par un ennemi que vous avez vaincu. Sire, c'est l'amour que je porte à un frère qui est devenu im père pour moi, c'est ce que je dois à la France et aux peuples que vous m'avez donnés qui me dictent ce discours de vérité. Quant à moi, sire, pour atteindre ce but salutaire, tout ce que vous ferez me conviendra; je m'estimerai heureux des dispositions qui me regarderont, quelles qu'elles puissent être. Sire, vous ne devez plus exposer au hasard d'une rencontre, le plus beau monument élevé à la grandeur de la race humaine, je veux dire la masse de gloire et la grandeur inouie qui compose votre vie depuis dix ans."
II. BONAPARTE, Napoleon.
See Napoleon I.
Napoleon II.
Napoleon III.
See also Josephine and Maria Louisa.
The relations and history of the descendants of Josephine are
described and narrated under the name of the Empress; and in
some principal cases under Beauharnais and Hortense.
See also Murat.
III. (a) BONAPARTE, Lucien, Napoleon's brother, younger by six years; the ablest of all the family with the exception of the Emperor; equal to him in resolution; greatly his superior in worth and wisdom, for he never sacrificed a principle to his own self. Emigrating to France in 1793, Lucien soon made himself known as a republican, and received offices of trust. But he did not hesitate to put his head in peril, by withstanding—as member of the municipality of St. Maximin in the south of France—the sanguinary decrees of the terrorist commissioners. About this time he married an interesting but obscure young girl of Provence, who, dying early, left him two daughters—the first, the Princess Gabrielli; the second, when widow of a Swedish count, became the wife of an esteemed and lamented Englishman, Lord Dudley Stuart. As affairs in Paris grew more and more complicated, Lucien's sternness and ability obtained for him higher and higher place. He was one of the council of Five Hundred; even then, his house was resorted to by the best literary men; and he belonged to the only political section which pretended to principle or philosophy—that, viz., of the Abbé Sieyes. But the exigencies of the times could not be met by doctrine, or the problem of the safety of France solved by the followers of Rousseau. A crisis of such requirements goes beyond all philosophy; nor can a revolution be otherwise than marred by popular assemblies. Cromwell was required to make the English revolution; Washington was nearly shipwrecked in America; France has fallen because the crises of her fates neither produced nor were guided by a Washington or a Cromwell. The dissolution and dispersion of the fabric of the executive Directory had become inevitable; and Lucien, in this case, was the Cromwell. The occasion referred to was one of the few in which the emperor's resolution threatened to fail him : Lucien was really the author and great actor of the 19th Brumaire. As Napoleon's star ascended, the station and fortunes of Lucien ascended also; nor might there have been a limit to his influence over the destinies of Europe but for two causes. In 1803 Lucien married a second time, viz., the beautiful and wealthy Mᵐᵉ. Jouberteau, and so deliberately frustrated Napoleon's designs concerning princely and royal alliances. Nor could he profess complete allegiance to his brother's policy. A republican by conviction, he refused to resign his doctrines simply through impatience; and he did not conceal his disappointment at Napoleon's reckless disregard of all rights save his own, whether personal or national. After various efforts at assimilation, the brothers finally parted; Lucien refusing a sovereignty in the north of Italy, because he would not, at the same time, wear fetters and a crown; Napoleon paying him this great compliment,—"Then you must quit the continent of Europe; my safety cannot consist with your silent opposition."—After various changes of residence, Lucien purchased the estate of Canino, on the borders of Tuscany. Pursued by an odious surveillance, he resolved to emigrate to America; but, intercepted by the British cruisers, he resided for
