of more service to her reputation, to works of charity. In spite of her continual entreaties, she was not allowed to return to France till 1814. She died in 1822.
BOURBON, Louis de, bishop of Liege, brother of Charles cardinal and duke de Bourbon, a prelate of loose and violent habits, assassinated in 1482. His son, Pierre, was the founder of the family of Bourbon-Busset.
BOURBON, Luis Maria de, Prince, son of Luis Antonio, infanta of Spain, born at Cadahalso in 1777, became cardinal and primate. In 1808 he wrote to Napoleon in a strain of fervent loyalty, and the following year took the oath of fidelity to King Joseph, but this subserviency to the French lasted only till the outbreak of the insurrection, when he assumed the responsibilities of president of the regency of Cadiz. On the restoration of Ferdinand VII., he was commissioned to exact from the king the oath of fidelity to the constitution of 1812. This commission lost him the favour of his cousin, who took from him the archbishopric of Seville. The revolution of 1820 again placed him at the head of affairs. He died in 1823.
BOURBON, Matthieu, known as le Grand Batard de, son of John II., duke of Bourbon, distinguished in the wars of Louis XI. against Maximilian of Austria. Charles VIII., to whom he was counsellor and chamberlain, lavished on him the highest honours of the court and the camp; among others, that of attending him into Italy as the first of the nine knights of renown, whom, in imitation of Charlemagne, he chose for his companions in arms. He was made prisoner at the battle of Fornovo in 1495; died in 1505.—J. S., G.
BOURBON, Nicolas, a Latin poet, born at Vandeuvre in 1503; died in 1550. He was tutor to the mother of Henry IV. His poetry has been ridiculed by Scaliger, but has been highly commended by Erasmus and others scholars of note. His collection of poems, entitled "Nugæ," has drawn on him the following epigram of Joachim de Bellay:—
" Paule, tuum inscribis Nugarum nomine librum:
In toto libro nil melius titulo."
BOURBON-CONDÉ, Louis, duke de, son of Henri Jules, prince of Condé, and of Anne of Bavaria, born in 1668, a brave and sagacious soldier, but most unamiable prince. He distinguished himself at the siege of Mons and Namur. His character has been depicted by Saint Simon in colours which might have gone to a portrait of the adversary of mankind. Died in 1710.
BOURCET, Pierre-Joseph, a learned tactician, born at Yseaux in 1700; died in 1780; author of "Historical Memoirs of the War in Germany, from 1757 to 1762;" "Carte Topographique du haut Dauphiné;" "Memoires Militaires sur les Frontières de la France, du Piémont, de la Savoie, depuis l'embouchure du Var jusqu'au lac de Geneve."
BOURCHENU, Jean-Pierre Moret de, marquis de Valbonnais, a French historian, born at Grenoble in 1651; died in 1730. After spending a youth of adventure, he became successively counsellor to the parliament of Grenoble and councillor of state. His works bear chiefly on the history of Dauphiné.
BOURCHIER, John, Lord Berners, grandson of Sir John Bourchier, fourth son of William, earl of Eux, in Normandy, was born in 1469; died at Calais in 1532. He was educated at Baliol college, Oxford, and after quitting the university travelled abroad for the purpose of completing his education. His success in suppressing an insurrection which broke out in Devonshire and Cornwall about the year 1495, gained him the favour of Henry VII. He served at the siege of Thérouanne under Henry VIII., in the capacity of captain of the pioneers, and obtained from that monarch the government of Calais, and the post of chancellor of the exchequer for life. He conducted the Princess Mary, the king's sister, to France, on the occasion of her marriage with Louis XII. Lord Berners was the author of a tract, "On the Duties of the Inhabitants of Calais," and a comedy called "Ite in Vineam Meam;" but his fame rests mainly on his translations of "The History of the most Noble and Vaylant Knight, Arthur of Lytell Brytagne;" "The Famous Exploits of Hugh of Bourdeaux;" "The Castle of Love," a romance from the Spanish; "The Golden Boke of Marcus Aurelius;" and especially his translation of Froissart, published in London in 1523.—J. T.
BOURCHIER, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, son of Sir William Bourchier, earl of Eux, was educated at Neville's Inn, Oxford. His first ecclesiastical preferment was to the deanery of St. Martin's, London. In 1433 he was advanced to the see of Worcester. In the same year he was appointed chancellor of the university of Oxford, an office which he held for four years. He was chosen bishop of Ely in 1434, but it was not until 1443 that the consent of the king was given to his translation. In 1454 he was elected archbishop of Canterbury, and in the year following was made lord-chancellor, an office which he retained only for a few months. He held the primacy of the English church during thirty-two years, from the thirty-second year of Henry VI. to the second year of Henry VII., and was a good deal mixed up with the political events of that stormy period. He died at Knowle, then an archiepiscopal residence, in 1486. Archbishop Bourchier was undoubtedly a man of ability and learning, but he deserves to be remembered mainly for the service he did this country in promoting the introduction of printing. It was he who persuaded Henry VI. to send Turnour and Caxton to the continent in the guise of merchants, with the view of acquiring a knowledge of this art, which was then practised with the greatest secrecy. With great difficulty they accomplished their purpose, and persuaded one of the compositors to carry off a set of types and accompany them to England.—J. T.
BOURCIER, Jean Leonard, baron de Montureux, celebrated as the principal author of the code of laws known as that of Prince Leopold, which, till lately, regulated the administration of justice in Lorraine, was born at Verclise in 1649, and died in 1726. After its submission to Louis XIV., he became procurator-general of the province of Luxembourg, and in the course of the ten or twelve years he held that dignity, accomplished for Luxembourg a triumph of legal skill and industry similar to that which afterwards shed lustre on the government of Lorraine. The peace of Ryswick having restored Duke Leopold to his estates, Bourcier was immediately invested with the same dignity in his native province, which he had worn with such advantage to the new subjects of France in Luxembourg. As was inevitable, in a province which for more than half a century had been the prey of successive conquerors, the administration of justice in Lorraine, at the time of Leopold's restoration in 1698, was in the utmost confusion. To remedy this Bourcier prepared, in the space of three years, a complete system of jurisprudence, civil and criminal, which had the rare fortune to meet with general approval in the duchy. It touched, however, on some nice points of public morality, which at least one prelate of Lorraine was determined should not be too distinctly guarded, and in consequence of the representations to the papal chair of this officious churchman, a part of Bourcier's code was subjected to pontifical censure. Bourcier published a reply to the bishop, which was also condemned at Rome. The courts of law decided the dispute by adopting the whole code. In 1711 Bourcier received the commands of Leopold to repair to the congress of Utrecht. On his return, the duke compelled him to accept the title of baron, a dignity to which, at his advanced age, he would have preferred an honourable dismission from the cares of office. This accomplished and laborious jurist published a number of historical works, chiefly relating to Lorraine.—J. S., G.
BOURCIER, Jean Louis, count de Montureux, son of the preceding, born in 1687, succeeded his father as procurator-general of Lorraine in 1724. He was employed by Leopold in one or two missions of importance, and under the successor of that prince, Francis afterwards emperor, he was admitted to an important share in the management of public affairs. Francis, on his marriage with the Archduchess Maria Theresa, summoned him to Vienna, where he conducted the opposition of his master to the treaty (called of Vienna), which deprived the prince of his duchy of Lorraine. He published a work of considerable interest both to the legislator and the historian—"Recueil des edits, &c., du regne de Leopold." Died in 1737.—J. S., G.
BOURDALOUE, Louis, the celebrated French preacher, one of the greatest of orators, and one of the most exemplary of christian teachers, was born at Bourges in 1632. He entered the Society of Jesuits in 1648, and after a brilliant career as student and professor in the seminaries of that order, was sent forth as a preacher. In the provinces, where his first sermons were delivered, as afterwards in the metropolis, crowds attended him wherever he went. In 1669 his superiors called him to Paris to occupy for a year the pulpit of St. Louis. His success speedily ranked him in popular talk with Corneille, Racine, and the other glories of the most brilliant period of the French
