Bourne and Clowes, who formed themselves into a new sect, called the Primitive Methodist Connection, which was organized at Standley in Staffordshire in 1810. This sect, though thus small in its beginning, has very largely increased in numbers and influence. The principal distinction between the Primitive Methodists and the Wesleyans now is, that laymen are freely admitted to the conference of the former body. Mr. Bourne travelled into Scotland and Ireland, and formed a number of religious societies in connection with the new denomination, and in 1844 visited America, where his preaching attracted great crowds. He died at Bemmersley in Staffordshire in 1852.—J. B.
BOURNE, Vincent, a scholar and poet who lived in the early part of last century. He was fellow of Trinity college, Cambridge, and afterwards usher of Westminster school, an office which he held till his death in 1747. His works consist of a number of small pieces on light and serious themes, in Latin verse, which are among the most perfect specimens we possess of that sort of composition. They were collected and published under the title of "Poematia" in 1734. Another edition appeared in 1750, and one in 4to in 1772. Bourne's translations—mainly from English verses of inferior consequence—render the sense with remarkable fidelity, and generally surpass the originals in grace and poetic feeling. His verse has that simplicity and ease never attained except by those who write in a language they have made their own, and which most rarely belongs to modern imitations of ancient poetry. Bourne has been justly complimented as the "most classical and at the same time most English of the Latinists." The poet Cowper, who translated some of his lighter pieces, says in one of his letters, that he prefers him to Tibullus. The "Epitaphium in Canem" is familiar to most readers through the praises of Elia.—J. N.
BOURNE, William Sturges, Right Hon., son of the Rev. Dr. Sturges, chancellor of Winchester, was born in 1769. Having been educated at Winchester and at Christ Church, Oxford, he was called to the bar, and practised at the king's bench and on the western circuit, but retired from his profession, and took the name of Bourne, on inheriting the property of a relative on his mother's side. In 1798 he was elected M.P. for Hastings, and continued to represent that borough, or Christ Church, Bandon, Ashburton, and Milborne Port, in various parliaments, down to the dissolution in December, 1832, when he retired from public life, in disgust at the passing of the reform bill. He was joint secretary to the treasury from 1804 till 1806, and a lord of the treasury from 1807 till 1809; in 1814 was sworn a privy councillor, and appointed one of the commissioners on Indian affairs, and continued to have a seat at the board of control down to 1821. In 1827 he was secretary of state for the home department, under Mr. Canning, and succeeded Lord Carlisle as first commissioner of woods and forests under the short-lived administration of Lord Goderich, now earl of Ripon. He continued to hold a seat in the cabinet of the duke of Wellington, with a nominal and honorary office. His name is best remembered as the author and introducer of the well-known statute regulating parochial vestries, which is called "Sturges Bourne's Act." Having spent the last twenty-two years of his life in retirement at his seat in Hampshire, he died there Feb. 1, 1845, in his seventy-seventh year.—E. W.
BOURNON, Jacques-Louis de, a French mineralogist, born at Metz on the 21st January, 1751, early exhibited a strong tendency to the study of mineralogy, probably induced by the large collection possessed by his father. At the Revolution Bournon emigrated with his family, and joined the royalist army under Condé; on the dissolution of which he visited England, and appears to have supported himself by forming and arranging collections of minerals for several Englishmen of rank and fortune. He was elected a fellow of the Royal and Geological Societies; and in 1808 Cuvier spoke of his attainments in high terms, in a report presented to the Emperor Napoleon. At the restoration of the Bourbons, Bournon returned to France, when his loyalty was rewarded by Louis XVIII. with the post of general director of his cabinet of mineralogical specimens. This position he continued to hold until his death, which took place at Versailles on the 24th August, 1825. The writings of Bournon are numerous, and most of them of considerable value. The most important is his "Traité complet de la chaux carbonatée," published in 1808 at London, in three quarto volumes, one of which consists entirely of plates. The number of crystalline forms assumed by carbonate of lime, described in this book, was four times that previously known to exist, and M. Bendaut states (Quérard, La France Littéraire) that Bournon had prepared a new edition, in which the number of distinct forms amounted to more than 1200.—W. S. D.
* BOURNONVILLE, Ant. Aug., a Danish composer of ballets, and author of various theatrical works, was born in 1805 at Copenhagen, where his father was ballet-master at the theatre royal. His education, commenced by his father, was completed by the celebrated Vestris. He made his debut at Paris in 1826, where he took rank as premier sujet of the Royal Academy of Music. In 1830 he returned to Copenhagen, and was appointed director of the Dancing Academy, and, in 1836, ballet-master. Amongst the ballets composed by him may be mentioned "Waldemar," "Eric Meuved," "Faust," "La Fete d'Albano," "Le Toréador," "Napoli," "Raphael," "Le Kermisse de Bruges," "La Conservatore," "Les Noces," "Hardanger en Norwege." He also published "Nytaarsgave for Dandse-Yndere" (A New-Year's Gift for Lovers of Dancing), Copenhagen, 1829; "Mit Theaterliv" (My Dramatic Life), Copenhagen, 1848; "Det Konglege Theater" (The Theatre Royal), Copenhagen, 1849; "Vort Theatervasen" (Our Theatrical Character), Copenhagen, 1850; "Et Nyt Skuespilhuus" (A New Theatre), 1851.—M. H.
BOURNOUF, Eugene, born in Paris, August, 1801, a distinguished orientalist, who devoted his not very long life to researches into the ancient language and literature of the Indian peninsula. His first work, published when he was only twenty-five years of age, was an "Essay upon the sacred language in use amongst the dwellers beyond the Ganges," which work was a mere preliminary indication of the direction taken by a mind preparing itself for greater efforts. It was afterwards, when Bournouf held up the key of the Zende language, that a great discoverer was recognized and acknowledged. The translator of the Zend. Avesta, M. Auguetel Duperron, had not worked upon the original and sacred language, of which the key had been lost, but upon the popular idioms into which the sacred book of the Persians had passed. Duperron had, however, obtained possession of the original sheets which he deposited in the Royal Library of Paris. Bournouf, after much patient labour, guided by genius, succeeded in deciphering the three books of Zoroaster, the Vendidad, Zechaé, and Vispered. As a reward for his services to oriental literature, the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres elected him to the place vacant by the death of the younger Champollion, thus associating his name with one that had become illustrious in the same walk. The same year he was appointed professor of Sanscrit in the college of France. In 1834 he published his first volume of "Commentaries on the Yaçua," one of the books which contains the dogma of Zoroaster, and in the language of the founder of the religion of the Persians. His next translation was that of the "Bhâgavata Purana, or Poetic History of Krichna, with Sanscrit text," followed by an "Essay on Cuneiform Inscriptions." Hearing that the British Museum contained a number of Indian manuscripts, collected by Mr. Brian Broughton Hodgson during a long residence at Nepaul, Bournouf examined them, and the result was an "Introduction to the History of Buddhism," in 2 vols., published in 1845. He was engaged in the publication of a translation of one of the canonical books of the Buddhists, when the hand of death arrested his labours. He died May, 1852.—J. F. C.
BOURRIENNE, L. A. Fauvelet de, a French diplomatist and biographer of Napoleon, born in 1769; died in 1834. He was educated along with Napoleon at Brienne, where they were upon terms of peculiar intimacy. They quitted this school together in 1785, and two years later Bourrienne removed to Vienna, and afterwards entered one of the universities to study public law and foreign languages. The breaking out of the French revolution caused him to return to Paris in 1792, where he renewed his intimacy with his former comrade. When Bonaparte was appointed commander-in-chief of the army of Italy, after the defeat of General Schêrer, Bourrienne was employed by him to revise the treaty of Campo-Formio along with General Clarke. Bourrienne accompanied his old friend to Egypt as his private secretary, an office which he retained during the consulship. On his election to the imperial throne. Napoleon appointed Bourrienne in 1804 his ambassador to Hamburg. He returned to France in the end of 1813 and received the office of postmaster, and in the following year was made prefect of police.
