und Gagliarden met stimmen," Hamburg, 1614, in 4to; "Neue lustige Volten, Couranten, Balletin, &c., met 5 stimmen," Frankfort, 1621, in 4to. These publications are highly interesting, as containing many once popular English airs. Brade died at Frankfort in 1647.—E. F. R.
BRADEL, John Baptist, a neat-handed French engraver, born about 1750. He executed portraits of Paoli, Crebillon, John Bart, two popes, and the chevalier d'Eon.—W. T.
BRADFORD, Alden, an American historian, was born at Duxbury, Massachusetts, in 1760; died at Boston in 1843; graduated at Harvard college in 1786, studied for the ministry, and for eight years was pastor of a church at Wiscasset, Maine. Ill health obliged him to leave the profession, and he came to Boston, first to be a bookseller, and afterwards a politician and an author. He was secretary of state in Massachusetts from 1812 to 1824. He was an active member of the Massachusetts Historical Society, wrote frequently for periodicals, and published several works on history and biography. The most considerable of his works were a "History of Massachusetts from 1764 to 1820," 3 vols. 8vo, being a continuation of Hutchinson's History; "American Biography;" "Memoir of Dr. Jonathan Mayhew;" "Evangelical History, or the Books of the New Testament, with a General Introduction and Notes;" and a "Biography of Caleb Strong."
BRADFORD, John, an eminent English martyr, born shortly after the accession of Henry VIII., was a native of Manchester. Being of a highly respectable family he received a liberal education, but with a view to his following commercial or political, rather than professional pursuits. At an early age he was appointed clerk or secretary to Sir John Harrington, paymaster of the English forces in France. This situation offered peculiar temptations to what was then the very common sin of peculation, and to these he unfortunately succumbed, acting a principal or a secondary part (it is not clearly ascertained which) in the abstraction of a sum of £500 from the exchequer of his office. The money was restored, and Bradford appears to have been in no danger of losing his place; but his conscience troubled him sadly, especially, it is said, after hearing a sermon of Latimer's, and he determined on dismissing himself the service of the state. In 1547 he began to study law in the temple, but finding his inclination to the church always on the increase, he removed next year to Clare hall, Cambridge, where after a residence of little more than twelve months, he was admitted to the degree of M.A. Ordained deacon in 1550, he rapidly acquired celebrity as a preacher; was presented to a stall in St. Paul's by his patron. Bishop Ridley, and shortly after appointed one of the royal chaplains. From the accession of Mary his doom was sealed. Bold and zealous, as well as eloquent, in the defence of protestant doctrine, he could not be overlooked by the conclave of bishops who directed the counsels of the sovereign. He was one of the first victims of her bloody reign. Gilbert Bourn preached a sermon at St. Paul's cross, which had the effect of inspiring his hearers with a violent desire to tear him in pieces. Bradford, who was passing, interfered to save the Romish orator from his infuriated audience, and for this service to a champion of the church, the story being properly perverted, he was condemned to imprisonment in the tower. In 1554, when he had been eighteen months in confinement, it was thought proper to examine him again, touching his heresies, and accordingly he was removed to Southwark, and placed at the bar of a court over which presided Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, and Bonner, bishop of London. Sentence of death was immediately passed on him; but in order to give him leisure to consider well the offers of place and power with which he was assailed by the minions of his judges, execution was delayed till 1st July, 1555, when this incorrigible heretic and illustrious martyr, in company with a youth, named John Lyefe, was brought to the stake at Smithfield. His writings consist chiefly of sermons, tracts, letters, meditations, and prayers. They have recently been printed in 12mo by the Religious Tract Society.—J. S., G.
BRADFORD, William, the first printer in Pennsylvania, was born in Leicester, England, in 1659. He became the son-in-law of Andrew Sowles, a wealthy printer in London, and a friend of William Penn, by whose invitation, and in company with whom, Bradford went to America in 1682, and landed where Philadelphia was afterwards built. The first book he printed "near Philadelphia," was Leed's Almanac for 1687. In 1689, some dissensions having arisen as to the rights of the settlers, Bradford printed the Charter, or Frame of Government of the Province, with some remarks by Joseph Growden; but anticipating trouble, put no imprint upon the tract. But as it was known to have come from his press, he was arrested and brought before the council; and we learn from the records, both of his examination and that of Growden, that the proprietor, William Penn, had given "particular order for the suppressing of printing" in his province. (See the Forum by David Paul Brown, Philadelphia, 1856, vol. i. p. 275.) But Bradford stood up manfully for the freedom of the press on this, and on a subsequent occasion in 1692, when, having printed a pamphlet by George Keith, on a question partly civil and partly religious, between the magistrates and the people, his press was seized, and he was brought before the justices, charged with having published a seditious libel. When the jury were told that they were only to try whether he printed it or not, Bradford interposed, saying, "they are to find also whether this be a seditious paper or not," "for the jury are judges in the law, as well as in the matter of fact." (Ibid. p. 280.) In asserting this principle, he anticipated, by nearly a century, Lord Camden and Mr. Erskine. Bradford removed the next year to New York, printed the laws of that colony, and in 1725 started the New York Gazette, the first newspaper in that city. He also established a mill for the manufacture of paper, said to be the first in America, as early as 1687. He became rich, and died in New York, May 23, 1752, aged 93. His son and grandson were Philadelphia printers after him.
BRADFORD, William, great-grandson of the preceding, second attorney-general of the United States under President Washington, was born at Philadelphia, September 14, 1755. In August, 1780, he was made attorney-general of Pennsylvania. Eleven years afterwards, he was promoted to the bench of the supreme court of that state. In 1793, at the request of the governor, he drew up a very able report to the legislature, showing that the punishment of death might safely be abolished in all cases, except murder and high treason; and an act was immediately passed in conformity with his suggestions. The next year Washington appointed him attorney-general of the United States, in which capacity he was sent to confer with the agitators and leaders of the western insurrection of 1794. He reported that the laws could not be enforced by the ordinary processes of the civil authorities, and an adequate military force was therefore called out, which soon quelled the rebellion.
BRADFORD, William, governor of Plymouth in New England, was born in 1589 at Austerfield, Nottinghamshire. At the death of his parents, while he was yet a child, Bradford inherited a small property. His religious opinions and course were determined when he became an attendant on the preaching of Richard Clifton and John Robinson, pastor and teacher of the separatist congregation at Scrooby. Archbishop Bancroft's officers found out the humble flock, and as there was no hope of continuance there, it was resolved to go into the Low Countries. After several unsuccessful attempts the scattered flock was, in the autumn of 1608, collected at Amsterdam, where were already two congregations of English separatists. After a year they resolved to remove to Leyden, but the experiment of a few years there, disposed them to think of another removal; and the congregation, after considering various plans, determined to attempt a separate plantation in what was then called Virginia in America, and resolved to send out a portion of their number at once as pioneers. In order to obtain the means requisite, an agreement was made with some merchants in London, by which, in consideration of supplies, those who should emigrate bound themselves to work, trade, and fish for a term of seven years, for the benefit of a partnership, to consist of themselves and the merchants, the profits to be then divided in proportions, which were agreed upon. These matters being understood, the emigrants, after an affectionate parting with their friends, accompanied by religious services, went on board a little vessel, the Speedwell, which lay awaiting them at Delfthaven. At Southampton, whither they were conveyed, they found the Mayflower, which had come round from London, with some persons who were to join their company. The two vessels sailed for America with about a hundred and twenty passengers, but twice were compelled to return by the unseaworthy condition of the Speedwell. After the second attempt she was left in port, and the Mayflower proceeded with a hundred and two passengers. After a passage of nine weeks, she came to anchor off Cape Cod on the 9th of November. John
