performed. These were of the lightest character, but probably on account of their very lightness, they met with remarkable success. Cambini, who had little artistic conscience, took advantage of the favourable reception of his music to produce as rapidly as he could find a sale for his works; accordingly, in a very few years, he wrote eighty symphonies, a hundred and forty-four violin quartets, and an immense number of concertanti pieces for various instruments, besides a vast amount of solfeggios and more important vocal music, an instruction book for the flute, and many other compositions. Added to these, he wrote the following works for the theatre—"Les Romans," a ballet, Paris, 1776; "Rose d'Amour et Carloman," an opera, Paris, 1779; "La Croisée;" "Cora;" "Les deux Fréres;" and "Adéle et Edwin," all operas produced at Beaujolais, between 1788 and 1791; "Nantilde et Dagobert," an opera produced at the Louvois; and some operas that were never performed. His oratorio, "Le Sacrifice d'Abraham," was produced at the concert spirituel in 1780, which had been preceded by some motets at the performances of the same institution. The little that is known of this prodigious mass of music, is a proof of the littleness of its merit. Cambini was engaged as conductor of the opera at Beaujolais in 1788, and at Louvois in 1791. In 1800 he was commissioned by Pleyel to write some quartets and quintets in the style of Boccherini, which were published under the name of this composer, together with some works of his, not previously printed; and it was not until all interest in the original and the imitator had passed away that the fraud was made known. In 1804 Cambini wrote some articles in the Musikalische Zeitung of Leipzig; and in 1810 he joined M. de Garaudé in the editorship of the Tablettes de Polymnie, in which his criticisms, however musicianly, were noted for their bitterness. Having led a life of excessive dissipation, Cambini was by this time reduced to be a drudge of the music-sellers, and was content to undertake the most unworthy engagements to procure him the means of indulging his vices. In extreme indigence he was in 1815 received into the hospital, in which, after several years' residence, he died.—G. A. M.
CAMBON, Jean-Louis-Auguste-Emmanuel, a French lawyer, born at Toulouse in 1737; died in 1807. In 1758 he became a councillor of the parliament of Toulouse, and in 1761 advocate (attorney) general. Whilst holding the latter office he procured a decision in the case of Stephen Sales, which established the validity of protestant marriages. In 1787 Louis XVI. named him first president of the assembly of notables; but after the abolition of parliaments he had to fly for his life.
CAMBON, Joseph, a French statesman, born in 1754; died in 1820. Having entered the legislative assembly in 1791, he zealously advocated democratic measures, denouncing priestly privilege, and once uttering the stern sentence—"War to the chateau; peace to the hut." He voted for the king's death, but opposed the setting-up of the revolutionary tribunal: at one time seemed to side with the mountain and the commune, and again denounced them; accused Robespierre, and after his death had to flee from the hostility of the Thermidorians. He was chosen president of the assembly in 1793. Cambon directed most of his attention to finance. He drew up nearly all the reports; and had, as Carlyle says, a wonderful "finance-talent for the printing of assignats."—R. M., A.
CAMBRAY, Baptiste, a French peasant of the thirteenth century, who invented the fine linen cloth still called cambric. Absolutely nothing is known of this ingenious peasant, although his invention has enriched his native province.
CAMBRAY-DIGNY, Louis-Guillaume de, a French physicist naturalized at Florence, born in 1723; died in the same century. At the age of twenty-two he accompanied into Tuscany a band of Frenchmen, to whom the grand duke had farmed out part of his revenues. There his abilities soon procured him promotion to the office of minister of finance. It was only brief intervals of leisure that he could devote to his favourite pursuit. One of the fruits of these was a "machine à feu" for the salt-works at Castiglione—the first of its kind constructed south of the Alps. Cambray was an honorary member of several French and Italian institutes.
CAMBRIDGE, H.R.H. Prince Adolphus Frederick, Duke of, the seventh son of George III., born in 1774; died in 1850. He entered the Hanoverian army in 1793, rose in 1798 to be lieutenant-general, and three years later was made a peer of the United Kingdom, In 1803 he was transferred to the British service, and in 1813 rose to the rank of field-marshal. He was soon after appointed governor-general of Hanover, an office which he held till the accession of the duke of Cumberland in 1839. His administration there was mild and discreet, and on his return to England, he was popular and distinguished for his ready patronage of all charitable institutions.—J. B.
* CAMBRIDGE, H.R.H. George William Frederick Charles, Duke of, son of the preceding, and therefore first cousin to Queen Victoria, was born in Hanover in 1819, and succeeded to his father's title in 1850. He entered the army in 1837, and was in 1854 advanced to the rank of lieutenant-general, and sent to the Crimea to command the first division of the British army. He fought with distinction at Alma and Inkermann, but had to retire to Pera, and afterwards return to England on account of the state of his health. In 1856 he was made a general, and when Lord Hardinge resigned the chief command of the British army was appointed his successor.—J. B.
CAMBRIDGE, Richard, born in London in 1717; died in 1802. The family were originally from Gloucestershire. His father died early, and young Cambridge was brought up under the care of his mother and a maternal uncle. He was sent to Eton; then in 1734 to St. John's college, Oxford; and in 1737 to Lincoln's inn. He left Oxford without a degree, and he was soon called to the bar. In 1741 he married, and fixed his residence at his family seat of Whitminster in Gloucestershire. He was wealthy, and he occupied himself in improving the scenery round his seat. He rendered the river Stroud navigable for many miles; and is said to have introduced some valuable improvements in the construction of boats. In 1748 Cambridge succeeded to the property of an uncle, took the additional name of Owen, rented a house in London for a year or two, and then purchased a villa at Twickenham, where the rest of his life was passed. Cambridge was a water-drinker, was fond of horse exercise, and out-of-door amusements. He lived in unbroken health through the greater part of a life prolonged to eighty-five. Within the two last years of his life hearing and then sight failed, but his mental faculties are described as unimpaired. In 1751 Cambridge published his "Scribleriad," the poem by which he is chiefly known. To the periodical called the World, he contributed twenty-one papers. In 1761 he published a "History of the Coast of Coromandel." His works—with the exception of this volume—were collected by his son, the Rev. George Owen Cambridge. His best poem, "The Fakeer," is his shortest, and would be better could it be reduced to the two lines—
Indian—"I give to the poor and I lend to the rich."
Fakeer—"But how many nails do you run in your breech?"
The amusement of quietly laughing at his own pursuits probably led to the "Scribleriad." The hero is an antiquary. This is the basis of the character; and on this we find engrafted the pedant and the alchemist. The style throughout affects a mock gravity, which we think is too anxiously sustained. Some of the best passages are formal parodies of passages in Homer and Virgil, or rather in the translations of Pope and Dryden, whose manner is often happily imitated.—J. A., D.
CAMBRONNE, Pierre-Jacques-Étienne, Baron de, a French general, born in 1770. He entered the army at the Revolution, and served in most of Napoleon's campaigns. He commanded a division at Waterloo, and was left for dead on the field, but recovered, and lived till 1842.
CAMBYSES was a son of Cyrus, the great founder of the Persian monarchy, and his successor on the throne of that kingdom. His accession took place b.c. 529. As soon as Cambyses was settled on the throne of Persia, he turned his attention to the conquest of Egypt, which he invaded at the head of a large army. After defeating the Egyptians in battle, and capturing Psammenitus their king, he fixed his residence for a time in that country; but the severity of his rule, and the indignities he heaped upon the Egyptian religion, soon rendered him odious to the people, who took advantage of his temporary absence to rise in open rebellion. Before measures could be taken to suppress the revolt, an accidental wound caused the death of Cambyses, b.c. 522.—W. M.
CAMDEN, Earl, lord-high-chancellor of England. One of the most illustrious among the jurists and statesmen who adorned the close of the eighteenth century. Of the young men who, inheriting great paternal influence and celebrity in the English law, have been promoted to the highest judicial offices, the most
