sieve, and a rowing machine. He also proposed improvements in the tempering of metals, and in the manufacture of guns, capstans, wheelbarrows, carriage shafts, and chariots. Being expelled from the academy in 1723 on the ground of absence, he travelled to Holland, in the hope of deriving profit from his rowing machine; and, proving unsuccessful, he repaired to England, where he ended his days amidst much distress in 1732. His principal work is a "Treatise on Moving Forces for the practice of Arts and Trades, with an explanation of twenty-three new and useful machines," Paris, 1722.—J. D. E.
CAMUS, Jean Pierre, a French prelate, born in 1582. He was consecrated bishop of Bellay before he had reached the canonical age. He wrote a number of religious novels, intended to counteract the then prevalent taste for reading romances, and was distinguished for his attacks upon the mendicant friars for their laziness and want of discipline. He seems to have had considerable satirical power. He died at Paris in 1652, having written, it is said, more than two hundred volumes.—J. B.
CAMUSAT, Jean, printer to the French Academy from its first institution till his death in 1639. He attended the sittings of the academy as usher, and occasionally performed the duties of secretary. Before being provided with accommodation in the Louvre, this learned body often met in the house of their printer. At his death the academy, in opposition to the demand of Richelieu that the printer Cramoisy should be appointed his successor, elected his widow to the post, charging her to imitate "the discretion, the civility, and the diligence of the defunct."
CANAAN, the son of Ham, grandson of Noah, on whom the curse was pronounced of which we read in Genesis, chapter ix. 24, 25. His descendants, inhabiting the land which bore his name, were subdued by the Israelites under Joshua.
CANAL, Antonio, called CANALETTO, or, incorrectly, CANALETTI. This celebrated artist first saw light at Venice in 1697, and the son of a scene-painter at the theatre, was born and bred in a realm of canvas and paintpots. For some years he laboured with his father at scenic decoration, and then proceeded to Rome, where he made many studies of the great remains of the holy city and its neighbourhood. But his chief works relate to his native place, of which he painted innumerable views. He is stated to have used the camera-obscura to obtain his accuracy of outline. On the advice of Amiconai, Canaletto came to England and remained about two years. During this period he made a drawing of the inside of King's College chapel, Cambridge—distinguished by his usual perspective accuracy and lightness of colour. He died in 1768. The number of his works is very great. Hardly a gallery but possesses a pair, if not more, of examples of this master. There is no doubt that hundreds of the pictures attributed to him, however, are spurious—the work of some of his many pupils and imitators. The pictures of Francesco Guardi more especially resemble Canaletto's; but the genuine works are marked by a precision of line and detail, and a luminous quality of tone, which his disciples have vainly attempted to attain. Canaletto's paintings are eminently favourites of the collectors; but their merits do not reach very much beyond the higher class of scene painting. There is poetry in the subjects, but there is little in the master. He painted one uniform sunshine. He ignored the marvels and beauties of transient rain-clouds, of impending tempests, of dreamful twilights, and the golden hazes, the glowing steams of the sun's rise and set. He thought less of his art than of its emoluments; so, from an artist he degenerated into a mechanic. He made many pictures and much money; coined his future artistic fame into ready cash. To the fervid restlessness of the mind of genius he preferred the steady stillness of a stone from which many pictures may be printed, but all alike.—W. T.
CANALE, Nicolo, a Venetian admiral of the fifteenth century. Having in 1469 assembled a large fleet at Negropont, he reduced the town of Enos to ashes; for which deed of brutality, strange to say, the pope gave thanks to heaven. Mahomet II., although this town was christian, fitted out a fleet to avenge its wrongs. He chased Canale back to Negropont, and, before his very eyes, took possession of that port. Canale's officers vainly remonstrated with him on his criminal inaction, for which he was soon sent in irons to Venice, and exiled to Porto-Gruero.
CANALETTO.—See Canal.
CANANI, Giovanni Battista, an Italian anatomist, born at Ferrara in 1515. He became physician to Pope Julius III., and on his death, chief physician of the duchy of Ferrara. He discovered the valves of the veins—a discovery confirmed and more fully described by Vesalius. His only work was named "Musculorum humani corporis picturata dissectio." It bears no date, but was printed, Haller thinks, in 1543, Tiraboschi in 1572. He died in 1579.—J. B.
CANARD, Nicolas-François, a French mathematician, born at Moulins about the middle of the eighteenth century; died there in 1833. He devoted himself to the study of the exact sciences, and was appointed professor of mathematics in the central school belonging to the department of Allier. Afterwards he filled a higher chair in the lyceum of Moulins. His leisure hours were given to the writing of works on political and scientific subjects.
CANAYE, Philippe de la, Sieur de Fresne, born in 1551. Canaye distinguished himself at the bar of the parliament of Paris. He was ambassador from Henry IV. to England, and in 1594 became president of the chambre de Castres. In 1660 he was appointed to arbitrate between the Catholics and Calvinists; to the former he latterly went over. Died in 1610.
CANCELLIERI, Francesco Girolamo, distinguished as a writer on ecclesiastical antiquities, was born at Rome in 1751. While librarian to Cardinal Antonelli, prefect of the Vatican, he acquired an extensive knowledge of early church records, and when Pius VI. added a new sacristy to the basilica of the Vatican, Cancellieri established his fame by publishing four volumes, "De Secretariis Basilicæ Vaticanæ," giving an account of its early history and construction. This work was followed by some others on the origin and import of the ceremonies performed on feast days in St. Peter's and the pope's chapel. He also wrote on the statues and different parts of the ancient city, and edited a newly-discovered fragment of the 91st book of Livy. When the French invaded Rome in 1798, Cancellieri was separated from his patron; but when Pius VII. regained the city, was made director of the printing-press of the propaganda. Having rejoined Antonelli, he accompanied him to Paris in 1804 to attend the coronation of Napoleon. He died in 1826.—J. B.
CANCER Y VELASCO, Geronimo, a Spanish poet, one of the immediate followers of Calderon, born at Barbastro in Arragon; died in September, 1655. He has left fourteen pieces, chiefly comedies. One of his works, "The Death of Baldorinas," is in the index of the inquisition. Another, founded on the story of the conversion of St. Gines, a Roman actor, will repay perusal. His works were first published at Madrid, 1650, and again in 1761.—F. M. W.
CANCRIN or CANCRINUS, Franz Ludwig von, a German mineralogist, born in 1738 at Breitenbach, Hesse-Darmstadt; died in 1796. He filled several public situations under the government of his native state, and at Altenkirchen, near Coblentz. In 1783 he was appointed by the Empress Catherine, director of the salt mines of Staraja-Roussa, and councillor of the imperial college. Three years after he retired to Giessen in Hesse-Darmstadt, and till 1793 devoted himself to scientific investigations. He then returned to Russia as councillor of state. He published in German many valuable works on mineralogy and metallurgy. His principal one is a standard work on the subject of mines. It has been translated into several languages.—J. B., G.
CANCRIN, Georg, Count, son of Franz Ludwig, was born at Hanau in 1773; died in 1845. In 1796 he went to Russia, where he obtained an appointment in the commissariat. He was a great favourite with Alexander, who, in 1823, made him minister of finance. This responsible office he filled with complete success, having introduced order and method into his department, and greatly augmented the revenue of the empire.
CANDACE, the title of the warrior queens of Ethiopia. One of them in b.c. 22 invaded Egypt, then held by the Romans, compelled several Roman garrisons to surrender, but was defeated near Pselcha by Petronius the prefect.—Another Candace is referred to in Acts viii. 27.
CANDALLE or CANDALE, Henri de Nogaret d'Epernon, Duc de, a French general, born in 1591. Candalle quitted, while still young, a governorship in the south of France, and entered the duke of Tuscany's service. Returning to his native country in 1614 he joined the Calvinists; again became loyal, and obtained a peerage in 1621. After that he served, first under the prince of Orange then in the Venetian army, and once more returned to the loyalty of a French soldier. He died in 1639.
CANDAMO, Francisco Bances y, a Spanish poet, born in the province of Asturias in 1662. He was of an ancient
