Austrian government wished to retain him in Vienna, for the treaty of Campo Formio had made every Venetian an Austrian subject. Upon the re-establishment of the papal government under Pius VII. in 1802, Canova returned to Rome. Among the most remarkable of his works of this period is the colossal group of "Hercules throwing Lycas into the Sea;" the figure being the Farnese Hercules in action, the ancient and modern colossus being of the same dimensions. The small bronze made in Paris of the original sketch is well known. This was followed by the beautiful statue of "Perseus," as a rival of the Apollo Belvedere. Pius VII. had it placed in the vacant niche in the Vatican, which had been occupied by the Apollo before it was carried off to Paris. Canova himself visited Paris in 1802 to model a bust of the first consul, Bonaparte, and from which he afterwards made his colossal statue of the emperor, now at Apsley house.
His next great works were the two boxers, Creugas and Damoxenus, of terrible grandeur and effect, now placed in the Vatican. In 1805 Canova was made a knight of the golden spur, and received the appointment formerly held by Raphael, that of superintendent of antiquities, and at the same time inspector of the fine arts. A few other works of this time must be mentioned; those most remarkable for grace and beauty are—the "Venus," now in the Pitti palace, made to replace the Venus de Medici carried to Paris; three "Dancing Girls," in various collections; the "Three Graces," in this country; "Hebe;" and the Trojan "Paris," now in the Glyptothek at Munich; most of them several times repeated.
In 1810 Canova visited Paris a second time, to make a bust of the Empress Maria Louisa; his brother, the Abbate Canova, accompanied him as his secretary. Napoleon wished to retain the sculptor in Paris, but Canova was not to be turned from his purpose by persuasion. He returned to Rome the same year, and was allowed to re-establish the academy of St. Luke, now located in the Fabbrica Vecchia. Canova was elected president or principe. In 1815 Canova acted as the papal commissioner to select, for restitution, the works of art which had been plundered by the French from the government of Rome, and he was forced to make a long sojourn in Paris for that purpose. From Paris he repaired to London, and had an opportunity of examining the Elgin marbles, on which he gave an opinion. On his return to Rome in the beginning of 1816, he was created by the pope, for his services in the restitution of the plundered works, Marchese d'Ischia; his name was written in the golden book of the capitol; and he was granted an annual pension of 3000 scudi—about £630—the whole of which income Canova spent on public uses for the encouragement of the arts in Rome. Towards the close of his career he was engaged in building a temple, or Doric church, at Possagno, his native place, for which he had already painted the altarpiece—"The Descent from the Cross." In his excitement in superintending this structure he neglected his health, and he died at Venice, October 12, 1822. His funeral was performed with great honours in the basilika of St. Mark, and his body was buried at Possagno, in the temple constructed by him there. In the interior is placed the monument to Canova, made by general subscription from a sketch by Canova himself, originally for a monument to Titian. It is similar in plan to the great mausoleum by him, raised to the Austrian Archduchess Christina at Vienna. Canova's works are extremely numerous, and they are well known from the many excellent engravings from them. He was the most able and productive of modern sculptors. His works are generally beautiful—the male as well as the female combining natural truth with classic beauty and proportion. His extraordinary ability and industry are both displayed to advantage in the noble collection of casts after his works, now preserved in the academy at Venice. "Hercules, with the tunic of Dejanira, hurling Lycas from the rock into the sea," is a most imposing group. He has been styled by some the renovator of sculpture among the moderns, and the reviver of the antique; but he has been reproached by others as too effeminate in his style. He excelled most in female figures; and in the power of rendering the effect of flesh he is almost alone. Though his masterpieces are less vigorous and grand than some of the great works of ancient art, such as the Torso of Apollonius, or the so-called Discobolus of Naucydes, he is often more beautiful and more natural, and at the same time free both from affectation, and from the severe rigidity which characterizes the antique. The attitude of the Apollo Belvedere is fine, but its great beauty is in the head; the body and limbs are inferior to many of the figures of Canova; and it is difficult to imagine anything more graceful or beautiful than some of his female figures. There is a fine portrait of Canova by Sir Thomas Lawrence.—(Missirini, Vita de Antonio Canova, 1827 , Quatremère de Quincy, Canova et ses ouvrages, 1836.)—R. N. W.
CANOVAI, Stanislaus, born at Florence in 1740; died in 1811. An ecclesiastic, professor, at Cortona, of mathematics; afterwards professor of mathematics at Parma. He published some tracts insisting that Columbus was not entitled to the credit of having discovered America, and claiming the honour for Americus Vespucius. He also published some elementary treatises on mathematics.—J. A., D.
* CANROBERT, François Certain de, a distinguished French general, born in Brittany in 1809. He entered the army as a private in 1830, but doing good service in Africa and elsewhere, he soon attained the command of a regiment of Zouaves, and the rank of brigadier-general. In 1853 he became a general of division, and in the following year was sent to the Crimea, to command the first division under Marshal St. Arnaud. On the death of that distinguished soldier, Canrobert was raised to the command of the French army, and fought bravely at Inkermann; but in 1855 he resigned in favour of General Pelissier, and took his place at the head of his old division. He was created marshal in 1856.
CANSSUH, a Circassian, who was in 1632 appointed pacha of Yemen, and sent thither to quell a revolt against the authority of the Porte. The expedition was unsuccessful, and the Turkish power in Yemen came to an end.
CANSTEIN, Karl Hildebrand Freiherr von, was born of an old noble family at Lindenberg, August 4, 1667, and died at Berlin, August 19, 1719. After having studied law at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, he became attached to the court of Berlin, and afterwards served as a volunteer in the Netherlands, until by a dangerous and protracted illness, he was obliged to return to Berlin, where he formed an acquaintance with Spener and Francke. He actively joined in their pious and philanthropic endeavours, by founding the celebrated "Bibelanstalt" at Halle, which still bears his name, and by which upwards of five millions of bibles have since been published. He wrote a "Harmonie der vier Evangelien" and a "Life of Spener."—K. E.
CANT, Andrew, an influential Scotch presbyterian clergyman of the seventeenth century, was incumbent of Pitsligo in 1638, and afterwards one of the ministers of Aberdeen. He took a leading part in the abolition of episcopacy, in the promotion of the national covenant, and in all the other measures of the zealous presbyterians during the great civil war. At the division in the ranks of the presbyterians in 1660, Mr. Cant joined the protesters or extreme party, who wished to exclude from the national service all who had not approved of the solemn league and covenant. But he was at the same time a staunch royalist; and even when the English troops were stationed in Aberdeen, he boldly prayed in their presence for the exiled king, Charles II., that "the Lord might deliver him from the bondage of oppressors." On one occasion, some of his military auditors were so enraged at his denunciations of the policy of Cromwell, that they drew their swords and threatened to slay him. Mr. Menzies, the colleague of Mr. Cant, was so terrified that he hid himself beneath the pulpit; but the indomitable preacher, who in his day had wielded the sword as well as the bible, bared his breast, and expressed his readiness to receive the blows of his assailants, "if any will venture to give them, for the truth." At the Restoration he was of course ejected from his church, and obliged to leave the town. He died in 1664. It is very generally supposed that the word "cant" was derived from the name of this zealous and upright, though somewhat rigid divine, but it was in use before his day.—A clergyman bearing the same name, and supposed to have been the son of Andrew Cant, was one of the ministers of Edinburgh during the reign of Charles II., and was also principal of the university between 1675 and 1685. He must, therefore, have been an episcopalian. An Andrew Cant was consecrated one of the bishops of the episcopal church in 1722, and died in 1728; but he was probably the son of the principal, and grandson of the famous "apostle of the covenant," as the royalists termed the minister of Aberdeen.—J. T.
CANTACUZENE, Constantine. See Bessaraba.
CANTACUZENE, Demetrius, brother of Scherban II.,
