doctrines of her ancient jurisprudence no longer tenable, the party which still wished to preserve them unaltered found naturally their leader in Capito. This party was in favour with the emperors, who were afraid that changes which did not directly strengthen their power, might indirectly weaken it. Strangely enough, the opposite party found its leader among those who had most strenuously opposed the recent political changes. Labeo, a man of great ability, of courage, and old republican independence; holding the old ideas of freedom; skilled in all the known branches of science; and bringing all his knowledge to bear on his legal studies—was well fitted to lead those who demanded reform of the private law. A contest thus arose. Capito defended by ancient authority the existing laws; being willing, however, to modify them on individual points, where experience had proved them harmful. Labeo attacked the system, and announced principles of law which, with strong logic, he pursued to their furthest consequences. Hence originated the two schools. That of Capito received the name of Sabiniani, from Masurius Sabinus, one of his followers; and occasionally that of Cassiani, from Cassius Longinus, another follower. The school of Labeo likewise received its name from one of his followers—Proculeiani, from Sempronius Proculus. The contest between the schools continued long after the success of the principles of that of Labeo had become inevitable, and long after all traces of the original causes of dispute had vanished. Capito was a voluminous writer, but nothing beyond mere fragments has been preserved. He is quoted in the Pandects some nine times, but each time at second-hand, in quotations from other jurists. He wrote a work called "Conjectanei," in which he had collected various laws of Augustus and Tiberius; and also treatises—"De Publicis Indiciis;" "De Officio Senatorio;" and "De Pontificio Jure."—(Gell. xx. 2, and iv. 6, 10, 14.) Macrobius (Saturn. lib. iii., cap. 10) mentions a treatise—"De Jure Sacrificorum."—(Tacitus, Annal. iii. 70, 75; Suetonius, De Illust. Gram. 22; Pomponius, quoted in the Pandects, lib. i. lit. ii. fr. 2, § 47; Dirksen, Beitrage zŭr Kŭnde des Römischen Rechts, cap. i. § 1; Pŭchta, Cŭrsŭs der Institŭtionen, v. § 96 to 99; Corn. van Eck, De Vita, Moribus, el Studiis M. Antistii Labeonis et C. Atteji Capitonis, in Oelrich's Thesaurus Novus Dissertationum, v. i. p. 825; Pothier, Pandectæ Justinianæ Prefatio, pars. ii. cap. i. § 25, 26, and cap. ii.; Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography.)—J. D. W.
CAPITOLINUS, T. Quinctius Barbatus, a Roman patrician, who lived in the fifth century b.c. He was six times elected consul, and gained several brilliant victories over the Volscians and the Æqui. During his second consulship in 468 b.c. he was honoured with a triumph, and probably on that occasion received the surname of Capitolinus. In the dispute between the patricians and the plebeians in 471 b.c., he took the side of the latter, and assisted in passing the Publitian law, which enacted that the tribunes should be nominated in the comitia by the nobles. During his sixth consulship he refused the office of dictator, which was conferred upon his brother L. Quinctius Cincinnatus, and two years after, he served as lieutenant under the dictator Mam. Æmilius Mamertinus.
CAPITOLINUS, Julius, one of the authors of the "Augustine History," of whom nothing more is known save that he died in the early part of the fourth century of our era. He is said to have been of patrician origin. The "Augustine History" contains the lives of thirty-four emperors, and extends from the years 119 to 284, a period of one hundred and sixty-seven years. The sixth, seventh, and eighth of these lives are attributed on seemingly good authority to Capitolinus.—J. A., D.
CAPITO or KOEPSTEIN, Wolfgang Fabricius, a German Hebraist and theologian, born in 1478. He studied theology and the canon law at Basle, where he also became a physician. He filled several ecclesiastical offices, and figured a good deal at diets and conferences, having the reconciliation of the protestant churches much at heart. He died of the plague in 1542.
CAPMANY Y DE MONTPALAU, Antonio de, a Spanish writer, born 24th November, 1742. In his youth he was a soldier, and served in the wars against Portugal in 1762. We next hear of him as engaged in a scheme for colonizing the Sierra Morena, on the failure of which he returned to Madrid, where he remained until the entrance of the French in May, 1808. He afterwards became a prominent member of the Cortes of Cadiz, where he died of yellow fever in 1813. His most important work is the "Teatro Critico de la Elocuentia Espanola." His "History of Barcelona" contains, besides topographical details, some valuable speculations on the influence of French manners in the south of Spain. He also composed an excellent French and Spanish dictionary, and some miscellaneous essays entitled "Questiones Criticas;" but he himself valued above all his others works a pamphlet, entitled "Centinela contra Franceses," or a Sentinel against the French, against whom, stung by the calamities they had inflicted on his country, he cherished the bitterest hatred. The work is dedicated in terms of warm friendship to Lord Holland.—F. M. W.
CAPO D'ISTRIA or CABODISTRIAS, John, Count, president of Greece, was born in Corfu about 1780. His father was a physician, and chief of the Seven Islands at the time of the treaty of Tilsit, by which they passed under the protection of France. The son then entered the Russian service, and in 1812 was appointed private secretary to the Emperor Alexander. He soon after went as minister to Switzerland, accompanied Alexander to Paris in 1814, represented him at the Congress of Vienna, and afterwards conducted the department of foreign affairs in conjunction with Count Nesselrode. The Greeks in Turkey, disappointed that the congress of Vienna did not, as they had hoped, interpose in their favour, formed an extensive and carefully organized secret society, called the Hetairists, which embraced the flower of their population, and almost the whole of their clergy. Of this association Capo d'Istria and his master were, in all probability, the founders and leading members. But the insurrections which broke out in Spain and Italy in 1821 alarmed Alexander, and, adhering to the principles of the Holy Alliance, he declined to favour any movement of the kind in Turkey, though well aware that his support would secure success. Capo d'Istria immediately threw up his appointments, and retired to Switzerland, whence he watched the progress of the Greek insurrection. Nicholas succeeded Alexander in 1825, and the virtual independence of Greece was recognized by all the European powers except Turkey in 1827. On the 20th of April in that year Capo d'Istria was elected president for seven years by the national assembly at Troezene, and on the 18th of January following he landed at Napoli di Romania, and assumed the government. But the turbulent elements over which he presided were not easily to be reduced to order, and he did not meet with anything like unanimous support from his countrymen. So little confidence was felt by the European powers in the stability of the Hellenic government, that it was not permitted to take any part in the discussions which continued to be carried on for the settlement of its political position and geographical boundaries. In February, 1830, the plenipotentiaries offered the crown of Greece to Prince Leopold of Saxe Coburg. The letters of Capo d'Istria so strongly impressed this prince with the difficulties with which he would be surrounded, and the doubtful nature of his welcome, that he declined the proposal. Capo d'Istria remained president, but a general insurrection broke out against his authority, and he was assassinated at Napoli by two brothers named Manromichaeli, on his way to prayers on Sunday morning, October 9, 1831.—A. H. P.
CAPON, William, an English architect and scene-painter, born at Norwich in 1757. He was employed by Mr. Kemble in the decoration of the new Drury Lane theatre in 1794, and painted many of the scenes for Covent Garden. The works on which his fame rests are his plans of the old palace at Westminster, and ancient substructure of the abbey, which occupied him for more than thirty years. He died in 1827.
CAPORALI, Cesare, an Italian poet, born at Venice in 1531, and died at Castiglione, near Perugia, in 1601. He excelled in burlesque satire, which, in his hands, never degenerates into indecency or buffoonery. Secretary of three cardinals in succession, he was appointed governor of Atri in the Abruzzo, but resigned this post, and went to reside with Ascanio, marquis della Cornia, with whom he passed the remainder of his life. His principal poems are—"Viaggio del Parnasso;" "Avvisi di Parnasso;" "Esequie di Mecenate;" "I Giardini di Mecenate;" and "La vita di Mecenate."—A. C. M.
CAPOZZOLI, Domenico, Patrizio, and Donato. The brothers Capozzoli, celebrated Italian carbonari, were born of an ancient and wealthy family towards the close of the eighteenth century, at Monteforte in the district of the Valle, province of Salerno. From 1821 to 1827 they, together with a priest, De Luca, led an insurrection in Calabria, and were frequently, even
