success was everywhere attending his operations, both diplomatic and military, he was suddenly cut off by an inflammatory fever at Limerick, November 26, 1651. His body was brought home to England, and after lying in state in Somerset house, was buried in Henry VII.'s chapel in Westminster abbey. But after the Restoration his corpse was disinterred, exposed on the scaffold, and burnt at Tyburn. He left one son and four daughters. Ireton was held in high esteem by his party, who regarded him as a brave and skilful soldier, a sagacious statesman, and a saint; and his enemies have not ventured to question his great abilities both in peace and war. He "had a subtle working brain, was very stiff in his ways," and was called "the Scribe," from the legal skill and knowledge which he displayed in drawing up the declarations, petitions, and memorials of his party. He was incorruptible, and showed his disinterestedness by refusing a grant of £2000 a year, which was offered to him out of the confiscated estates of the duke of Buckingham.—J. T.
IRIARTE. See Yriarte.
IRNERIUS, a celebrated Italian jurisconsult of the latter part of the eleventh century and beginning of the twelfth. In some contemporary documents he is styled Warnerius and Gernerius, which has led occasionally to the supposition that he was a German, an opinion not sufficiently supported by evidence. His birthplace was Bologna, and there he studied and taught the trivium and quadrivium. Led by accident to the study of Roman law, he pursued the research with avidity, and about the end of the eleventh century publicly entered on the subject from his professor's chair. His new enterprise was crowned with success, and students flocked from all quarters. His materials at first were scanty, and he had no instructor, so that he has earned for himself the reputation of being the first expounder or restorer of Roman law in the more modern times that followed the darkness of the middle ages. His school was the origin of the famous university of Bologna. He wrote glossæ or notes on the text of the law—the interlineal gloss being a succinct explanation of the text, in later times printed in all annotated editions of the Corpus Juris; and the marginal gloss being an interpretation of the difficulties. His sagacity in the restoration of the text was extraordinary. He was also the first to introduce the rank of doctors among the cultivators of learning. The date of his death is uncertain.—P. E. D.
IRVINE, William, doctor of medicine, lecturer on chemistry and materia medica in the university of Glasgow, died at Glasgow on the 9th of July, 1787. He wrote a series of essays on chemical subjects, which were published after his death by his son, William Irvine, M.D. He was the first discoverer of the important and fundamental fact, that to produce equal changes of temperature in equal weights of different substances, different quantities of heat are required, whose proportions to each other may be expressed by means of numbers called "capacities for heat," or "specific heat."—W. J. M. R.
IRVING, Edward, A.M., a famous pulpit orator, and founder of a religious sect, was born at Annan in Dumfriesshire in the year 1792. His father, who was a tanner in good circumstances, gave him the best education his native town could afford. He was then sent to prosecute his studies at the university of Edinburgh, and there he acquired such marked distinction in the exact sciences, that before reaching his seventeenth year he was recommended by Professor Leslie to the situation of teacher of mathematics in the burgh school of Haddington. In the following year he was appointed to a similar office in Kirkaldy, where he remained nearly seven years, at the same time laboriously studying theology and attending at intervals the divinity hall at Edinburgh, with the view of entering the church. In 1819 he was licensed as a preacher in connection with the Established Church of Scotland by the presbytery of Annan; and having little or no prospect of a living in Scotland, he had resolved to go to Persia as a missionary, and follow the footsteps of Henry Martyn. But happening to preach in St. George's church, Edinburgh, Dr. Chalmers, who was one of his hearers, was so favourably impressed with his discourse that he appointed him his assistant in the parish of St. John's, Glasgow. His remarkable appearance, authoritative manner, and stern denunciation of prevailing sins, startled rather than gratified the citizens of that busy emporium of trade and commerce, though he had a small body of enthusiastic admirers, and his kindness and warm-hearted generosity endeared him to the poor of the parish. After spending three years in Glasgow, perhaps the happiest and most useful period of his life, he was invited to become the pastor of a presbyterian chapel in Cross Street, Hatton Garden, London, attached to the Caledonian asylum. He accordingly settled in London in August, 1822. The chapel was at that time nearly empty, and was besides situated in an obscure and unfavourable locality; but in the course of a few weeks Irving's remarkable style of oratory caused an extraordinary sensation in the metropolis, and the mean-looking, dingy chapel in Hatton Garden was thronged, sabbath after sabbath, with statesmen, philosophers, poets, painters, literary men, merchants, peers, fashionable ladies, mingled with shopkeepers and mechanics, while many hundreds were unable to obtain admission. Irving's tall and stalwart figure, rich deep-toned voice, remarkable countenance, and prodigious energy, heightened the effect of his fearless denunciations of everything, civil or ecclesiastical, which he considered wrong; while his style, which was formed on the model of the old puritans, attracted attention by its quaint phraseology and abrupt simplicity. He had set out on his career with the determination of being wondered at, followed, and admired, and for a season his purpose was attained beyond what even he could have expected. About a year after his settlement in London he published a volume of discourses, under the title of—"For the Oracles of God, Four Orations: For Judgments to come, an argument, in nine parts," three editions of which were called for in little more than six months. It excited great attention, and was criticised by all classes of journals, and with a greater diversity of opinion as to its merits than probably any other volume of sermons ever published in the English language. The work has now sunk into oblivion; but though disfigured by numerous and glaring faults in style, and manner, and taste, it contains a great amount of original thought, and many passages of extraordinary beauty and spirit-stirring eloquence. Irving's popularity continued with no abatement for about two years, and a new and stately church was erected for him in Regent Square, capable of accommodating at least two thousand persons. But, unfortunately, his thirst for applause had grown to a disease, and strong excitement had become a necessity of his nature, and must be kept up at any cost. The crowd of frivolous sight-seers and fashion-hunters soon flocked elsewhere in pursuit of some new object of attraction, and Irving, in his eager and vain attempts to retain his hold over them, wandered from the path of truth and sobriety, and inextricably entangled himself in absurdity and error. The influence of Coleridge too, of whom Irving was a most enthusiastic disciple, increased the tendency he had already manifested to mysticism and obscurity. His sermons and prayers became intolerably long and wearisome; and though they still manifested power, and richness, and gleams of exquisite beauty, their mysticism and extreme allegorization rendered them often unintelligible. He now devoted himself with characteristic ardour to the exposition of unfulfilled prophecy, and in a bulky volume, entitled "Babylon and Infidelity foredoomed by God," 1826, he ventured to predict the exact date of the final overthrow of popery and infidelity, and confidently fixed upon 1868 as the period when the millennial reign of Christ was to commence on earth. He next adopted the opinion that it was want of faith alone which prevented the miraculous gifts conferred upon the primitive church from being enjoyed by the church in modern times; and having for some time earnestly prayed for, and eagerly expected the return of these gifts, he soon became infected with the religious frenzy which at this period broke out at Row, on the Frith of Clyde, and declared his firm belief in the truth of the claims which some of his fanatical followers made to the power of working miracles and speaking in unknown tongues. And proceeding rapidly in the downward path of error, he began to disseminate, both from the pulpit and the press, heretical notions respecting the alleged peccability of our Lord's human nature. His erratic behaviour at length attracted the attention of the ecclesiastical courts, and after a formal trial for heresy he was deposed from the office of the ministry in the Church of Scotland. He continued, however, to preach to a numerous body of devoted adherents, among whom was Henry Drummond, M.P., the well-known banker, from whose seat they were termed the "Albury school of prophets." They built a new chapel for Irving, in which he continued to preach to the close of his life, and about fifty thousand persons throughout England adopted his views. His iron constitution, however, now began to give way under his incessant labour and excitement. Premature old age crept upon
