teenth century, who was born at Selby in Yorkshire, was bred an apothecary in London, and kept a shop at Snowhill. During the civil wars he was made a lieutenant-colonel in the royal army, and in 1643 the university of Oxford rewarded his loyalty and his learning by conferring on him the degree of M.D. In the following year he died from the effects of a gunshot wound in the shoulder, received in a skirmish with the enemy near Basinghouse, Hampshire. He wrote "Iter in agrum Cantuanum," 1620; "Ericetum Hamstedianum," 1632; and afterwards published the results of some other botanical excursions, one of which extended to Wales; but he was best known by an enlarged and improved edition of Gerard's Herbal, which he published in 1733, and which continued to be the most useful work on the subject until the publication of Ray's.—G. BL.
JOHNSON, Thomas, a schoolmaster and classical scholar of some repute, was born at Stadhampton in Oxfordshire, and educated at Eton, where he was admitted in 1683. He proceeded to Cambridge and took the degree of B.A. in 1688, and that of M.A. in 1692. In 1689 he was usher of Ipswich school, and afterwards became one of the assistant masters at Eton. The subsequent events of his life, and even the date of his death, remain in obscurity. He is known to have kept a school at Brentford and at other places. A better title to fame is to be found in the share he took in the edition of Stephen's Thesaurus, which was published in 1734. He had previously, in 1699, published an edition of Gratius Faliscus de Venatione, and a Delectus for the use of Eton school. In 1705 he published an edition of Sophocles in 3 vols., which was reprinted by Bowyer in 1746. He also translated into English Madame Dacier's version of Homer's Iliad, "revised and compared with the Greek." In 1731 he published "An Essay on Moral Obligation." His opinions are more distinctly indicated in the title of a sermon which he published the same year on "The Insufficiency of the Law of Nature."—R. H.
* JOHNSTON, Alexander, Scottish painter, was born at Edinburgh in 1816. A student of the Royal Academy, London, he there exhibited his first picture in 1836, and has continued to exhibit regularly ever since. His subjects have been chiefly taken from the graver side of Scottish poetry, or from the religious history of England and Scotland. Of these classes the "Covenanter's Marriage" and "Burial;" "The Sabbath;" the "Introduction of Flora Macdonald to the Young Pretender;" "Tyndale Translating the Bible," 1854; "The Abdication of Mary Queen of Scots," 1855; "John Bunyan in Bedford Jail," 1861, will serve as examples. His "Lord William Russell Receiving the Sacrament in the Tower," 1845, is in the National Gallery (Vernon collection).—J. T—e.
* JOHNSTON, Alexander Keith, a British geographer, was born at Kirkhill in Midlothian on the 28th of December, 1804, and educated at the high school of Edinburgh. He carried on for many years the business of an engraver and publisher of maps in Edinburgh, along with his elder brother, Sir William Johnston. He is distinguished as the author of many geographical works of the highest value, of which the most remarkable are his "Dictionary of Geography" and his "Physical Atlas." He is a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, the Royal Society of Edinburgh, &c.—R.
JOHNSTON, Sir Archibald, of Warriston, a distinguished Scottish lawyer, judge, and statesman, was the son of James Johnston of Beirholm in Annandale, who is styled in a charter of 1608, "the king's merchant." His mother was a daughter of the celebrated lawyer. Sir Thomas Craig. The date of his birth is unknown; but he was admitted to practise at the bar in 1633. He took a prominent part in the opposition which the people of Scotland made to the innovations of Charles I. and Laud on the services of the Scottish church in 1637, and was employed in drawing up the protests and petitions of the covenanters, and their answers to the royal proclamations. He was unanimously chosen clerk of the famous general assembly held in 1638, and before the session terminated was elected procurator for the church. He was one of the eight persons appointed to treat with the English commissioners in 1640 at Ripon and London. In the following year, during the king's visit to Scotland, Johnston was made one of the lords of session, and received the honour of knighthood. In the parliament of 1643 he represented the county of Edinburgh, and was appointed speaker to the barons as a separate estate. When the civil war broke out in England, Sir Archibald exerted all his influence to induce the Scots to cast their weight into the parliamentary scale. He was a member of the celebrated Westminster assembly. On the death of Sir Thomas Hope in 1646, Johnston succeeded him as lord-advocate, and three years later was appointed lord-register, an office which he had long coveted. On the downfall of the monarchy his principles led him readily to support the Commonwealth, and he was named in 1657 one of the commissioners for the administration of justice in Scotland. He was subsequently created a peer by Cromwell, and sat in the protector's upper house with the title of Lord Warriston. After the death of Oliver he acted as president of the committee of safety under Richard Cromwell. At the Restoration, knowing that he was a marked man, Warriston fled to the continent. He was in consequence outlawed, and in May, 1661, sentence of forfeiture and of death was passed against him in absence. After lurking for some time in Germany and the Low Countries, he imprudently proceeded to France, and was betrayed by a confidant and arrested at Rouen in 1663. He was brought to Edinburgh, and was executed without trial (22nd July) on the sentence passed upon him in absence.—J. T.
JOHNSTON, Arthur, a Scottish physician and classical poet of great eminence, was the fifth son of George Johnston, the proprietor of Caskieben and other estates in Aberdeenshire, by Christian, daughter of Lord Forbes, and was born in the year 1587. He acquired the first elements of classical learning at the burgh school of Kintore, and afterwards studied at Marischal college, Aberdeen. He then proceeded to the continent, and took the degree of M.D. at Padua in 1610, and there acquired some celebrity for his skill in Latin poetry. It appears from an elegy which he addressed to Wedderburn, that he twice crossed the Alps, and twice visited Rome; that he travelled in Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark, and England; that he resided twenty years in France, where he probably followed the profession of a physician; was twice married, and became the father of thirteen children. Sir Thomas Urquhart mentions that Johnston was laureated poet at Paris before he was twenty-three years of age. He spent a considerable time at the university of Sedan, and appears to have lived on intimate terms there with his learned countrymen Andrew Melville and Daniel Tilenus. On his return to Britain about the year 1628 he was appointed physician to the king, probably on the recommendation of his friend Laud. During his residence on the continent Johnston had acquired considerable reputation as a classical poet. His first publication was an elegant but keen satire, entitled "Consilium Collegii Medici Parisiensis de Mania G. Eglishemii," &c., Edin. 1619. In the following year Johnston published another poem on the same subject, entitled "Onopordus Furens." His next publication was a Latin elegy on the death of James VI. in 1625. which was followed by "Elegiæ Duæ," &c., in 1628; a collection of small pieces of poetry, entitled "Parerga Arturi Johnstoni," 1632; his "Epigrammata," published at the same time; and his paraphrase of the Song of Solomon, which appeared in 1633, and was accompanied with a translation of the seven penitential and the seven consolatory psalms. A collection of short poems, entitled "Musæ Aulicæ," was published in 1635, along with an English translation by Mr. Francis Kinaston. His best known work—a complete version of the Psalms, together with Solomon's Song, the Creed, and the Lord's Prayer, was published at Aberdeen in 1637. Johnston was also an extensive contributor to the Deliciæ Poetarum Scotorum, which appeared about the same time. He was elected rector of King's college, Aberdeen, in June, 1637, and died while on a visit at Oxford in 1641. A complete collection of Johnston's poems, in 1 vol. 16mo, was published at Middleburg in Zealand in 1642.—J. T.
JOHNSTON, Charles, or as it is sometimes written, Johnson, was born at Carrigogunnell in the county of Limerick, about the year 1719. After graduating in Trinity college, Dublin, he was called to the bar, and went to England to practise there. He had little success in his profession, owing partly to deafness, which precluded him from taking court business. In literature he was more fortunate, having published in 1760 the two first volumes of "Chrysal, or the adventures of a guinea." It was very popular, as it contained very long sketches of many distinguished personages, a good deal of scandal, and not a little truth—exposing political intrigues, social delinquencies, and town profligacy. In 1765 he added two volumes more. The interest of this work is now nearly passed away. In 1782 he sailed for Bengal, which he ultimately reached after having been
