him an estate in Judea, but took him to Rome, and presented him to Vespasian, who received him kindly, made him free of the city, allowed him a pension, and granted him a house, which had formerly been his own residence. By many of his countrymen he was regarded as a traitor, and efforts were made to undermine his credit with the emperor, but in vain, and he was treated with consideration as long as Vespasian lived. He took the surname of Flavius in token of his allegiance to the Flavian family; but it is uncertain whether this was before or after he came to Rome. Titus and Domitian continued the favours of Vespasian; Domitian freed his Judean estates from tribute, and Domitia, the emperor's wife, treated him with kindness. He was three times married, but divorced his first and second wives; by the second he had three sons, and two by the third. He seems to have occupied himself with his literary labours while at Rome, but it is not known exactly when he died; he was living, however, in 97. Some of his personal reminiscences appear to be exaggerated, if not fictitious; but some allowance must be made for a man who, after being involved in occurrences which brought the destruction of his nation, succeeded in winning and retaining the affection and confidence of several emperors in Rome itself. He has won for himself a place in the history of his people as a warrior and a statesman; but he is best known as their great historian. His works are his "Autobiography;" "Jewish Antiquities," in twenty books, a history of the Jews from the creation to the 12th of Nero; "Wars of the Jews," in seven books, which he says he first wrote in Hebrew, and then translated into Greek; "Against Apion," two books on the antiquity of the Jews; "On the Maccabees, or the empire of reason," in one book, which is printed in some editions of the Bible as the fourth book of Maccabees; a treatise περὶ τοῦ παντός, which bears his name, but is spurious, although published by Whiston as Josephus' "Discourse to the Greeks concerning Hades." The first Latin edition of Josephus was published at a very early period, and only contained the "Antiquities," and the second in 1470 only included the "Antiquities" and the "Wars." The first Greek edition was printed in 1544 at Basle. Among the better editions may be named those of Hudson, Oxford, 1720; of Havercamp, Amsterdam, 1726; of Oberthür (incomplete), 1782-85; and of Dindorf, published by Didot at Paris. There are English translations of Josephus by L'Estrange and Whiston.—B. H. C.
* JOSIKA, Nicolaus, Baron, an eminent Hungarian novelist, was born at Torda in Transylvania, 28th September, 1796, and was most carefully educated. After studying law he entered the Austrian army, but some time after retired to his estates, where he divided his time between agricultural and literary pursuits. From 1839 till 1848 he published about sixty volumes of novels, the subjects of which were chiefly taken from Hungarian history, and which met with such universal applause that by his countrymen he is looked upon as the Hungarian Walter Scott. "Abafi;" "The Poet Zrinyi;" "The Last Batory;" "The Bohemians in Hungary;" and "Stephen Josika," are generally considered as his best productions. Baron Josika took so active a part in the revolution of 1848, that after its suppression he was obliged to seek a refuge at Brussels, and was hanged in effigy at Pesth, together with Kossuth and thirty-five other revolutionists.—K. E.
JOSQUIN DEPRES. See Depres.
JOUBERT, Barthelemy Catherine, a general of the French republic, born at Pont de Vans, 14th April, 1769; killed at the battle of Novi, 15th August, 1799. He left college and entered a regiment of artillery at the age of fifteen, but afterwards retired and studied law at Lyons. In 1789 he was carried away by the revolution fever, and employed all his time in military drill and the practice of arms. In 1791 he entered as sergeant and joined the army on the Rhine. In August, 1792, he was lieutenant, and under General Anselme crossed the Var in September. In the Col de Tienda, with thirty grenadiers, he was attacked by five hundred Austrians, wounded, and taken prisoner. Carried to Turin, he was presented to the king of Sardinia, and when asked if he was a noble, replied, "I am a French citizen"—an answer that sent him to prison. He was soon released on parole, and returned to France, where he loudly protested against the severities of the convention. He again joined the army, and in 1795, having received promotion, was ordered with two thousand volunteers to cut off six thousand Hungarians entrenched at Melagno. In the contest he lost fifty-six officers and four hundred and fifty men, and was repulsed. Kellerman appointed him to the command of a battalion, and at Loano he was made brigadier on the field of battle. At Montenotte, St. Margaret, Cossaria, and the battle of Mondovi, he was again distinguished—receiving a ball in his chest. He was also at the passage of the bridge of Lodi, and by Bonaparte was charged to lay siege to the fortress of Milan. Later he commanded the vanguard of Massena's army, and entered the Tyrol. In the defile of Corona he was attacked by Wurmser and compelled to retreat, thereby uncovering the road to Mantua. He was now almost constantly engaged in the actions of the time up to the battle of Rivoli, after which he again went into the Tyrol, and engaged in what Carnot termed the campaign of giants. In a month he fought seven battles, and took out his army, contrary to expectation. Returning to Paris, he was employed on the Rhine for a short time, but again went to Italy, occupied Piedmont, married Mlle. de Montholon, and in a month after, while personally leading his troops in the thickest of the fire, was shot under the right arm. Joubert was one of the generals that seemed to take the "glory of France" as their ruling motive—a high-minded, upright, courteous soldier, with the character of being a "thorough gentleman."—P. E. D.
JOUBERT, François, a French ecclesiastic, who was born at Montpellier in 1689, and died at Paris in 1763. He was celebrated in his day as an eloquent interpreter of the sacred writings, and was the author of several esteemed religious works, including commentaries on the prophets and the book of Revelation. His attachment to Jansenism occasioned his confinement for six weeks in the Bastile, and his subsequent rustication from Paris for three years.—G. BL.
JOUBERT, Joseph, was born at Montignac, in Périgord, 6th May, 1754. Coming to Paris in 1778 he formed the acquaintance of Marmontel, Diderot, and La Harpe; but his dearest friend and most intimate associate was Fontanes. He married during the revolution, and lived a quiet life, chiefly dedicated to the study of moral philosophy, at Villeneuve-le-Roi in Burgundy. On revisiting Paris, his favourite resort was the salon of Madame de Beaumont, whose death in 1803 was a severe shock to him. In 1809 the influence of Fontanes obtained him the appointment of inspector-general of the university. He published very little, but left numerous MSS. Three editions of his "Pensées" (one edited by Chateaubriand) have appeared, the latest as recently as 1849. Joubert is not a writer who will ever become popular, but he has found fit audience, if few. He died at Paris, 4th May, 1824.—W. J. P.
JOUBERT, Laurent, a learned physician, the tenth of a family of twenty children, was born in 1529 at Valence in Dauphiny, and died in 1583. He studied at Montpellier, where in 1558 he succeeded his master Rondelet as professor-royal, and afterwards became chancellor of the university, and physician in ordinary to the king. He wrote "Paradoxa medica," and other professional works, the most celebrated of which was a treatise on "Popular Errors in Medicine and Regimen," of which ten editions were sold in less than six months. He was likewise the author of a curious treatise on "Laughter; its essence, causes, and marvellous effects," and wrote an amusing dialogue on French cacography.—G. BL.
JOUFFROY d'Abbans, Claude-François-Dorothée, Marquis de, one of the inventors of steam navigation, was born of a noble family in Franche-Comté about 1751. In 1772 he obtained a commission in the régiment de Bourbon; and soon afterwards, in consequence of an affair of honour with his colonel, was exiled to Provence for two years, which he passed in the study of mechanical science. In 1775 he returned to Paris; and having examined an atmospheric pumping engine, then recently erected at Chaillot, he turned his attention to the use of steam power for propelling vessels. In 1776 he drove a steamboat forty feet long, on the Doubs, by propellers of the duck's-foot class, moved back and forward by a chain from the piston of a single steam-cylinder with a counterpoise. In 1780 he added a second cylinder, the pistons rising alternately. In 1783 he used paddle-wheels, driven by the steam-pistons through back-work, to propel a vessel one hundred and thirty feet long on the Saône. As to the cause of the failure of this and other inventions of the same kind, prior to the application of Watt's engine to marine propulsion by Symington in 1801, see the article Fulton. In 1784 the invention of Jouffroy, having been submitted to a committee of the Academy of Sciences, met
