Dousa, George, second son of Jan Dousa the elder, was born in 1574. George was also a learned man. He travelled some time in Germany, and afterwards visited Constantinople; attracted thither by the interest which the work of Cedrenus on that city had excited in him. After his return he published his "De Itinere suo Constantinopolitano Epistola." He perished in the expedition of his kinsman, Admiral Peter Van der Does.
Dousa, Francis, fourth son of the lord of Noordwyck, was born in 1577. He was educated by Scaliger and Lipsius, and in 1601 was made canon of Utrecht. He edited the epistles and orations of J. C. Scaliger in 1600.
Dousa, Diderick, a younger brother of the former, was born in 1580. He was, like the rest of his family, an accomplished scholar. He settled at Utrecht, where he held several honourable offices. He died in 1663. It was Diderick who inherited his father's library.—R. M., A.
DOUVEN, John Francis, was born at Ruremonde in 1655, and died at Düsseldorf in 1727. G. Lambertin was his first teacher; but his progress under this master was but slow compared with that which he made after he had the good fortune to be permitted to study a select collection of pictures by the best Italian masters possessed by a patron of his, a Spanish nobleman in the service of the king of Spain. Having studied and copied these masterpieces, he was called to Düsseldorf by the duke of Nuremberg, who created him his court painter. Both merit and fortune rendered his career an easy one. From Düsseldorf he passed with his patron to Vienna, and there, meeting with equal success, he became the portrayer of emperors, empresses, kings and queens, princes and princesses, and of crowds of courtiers and private personages. But Douven, feeling loth altogether to abandon his former patron, at last declined further employment from that court; and, after a short journey to Denmark and to Modena (others say to Florence) to execute some more likenesses of princes and kings, he retired to Düsseldorf, where, amidst a circle of distinguished artists gathered together by his excellent patron, he happily spent the remainder of his days. Amongst his works are noted—"The Education of the Virgin," and the portrait of the princess Anna Maria of Medicis, at Florence; "Susan and the Elders," and "A Holy Family," at Paris; the equestrian portrait of the Elector Johann Wilhelm, at Munich. The characteristics of his style were a fine and noble expression, good colouring, and perfect resemblance.—R. M.
DOUVRE, Thomas de, first of the Norman archbishops of York, was born at Bayeux about 1027, and educated at the school of its cathedral church. He was a laborious student; and in his search after knowledge, visited, when a young man, Germany and Spain. On his return home, having taken holy orders, he secured the favour of Odo, bishop of Bayeux, and was appointed by its chapter their treasurer. It is said that he contributed large sums of money to aid William the Conqueror in his great expedition; and having accompanied Odo to England as the invader's chaplain, he was rewarded by the archbishopric of York. All accounts represent him as a lovable and earnest prelate, who rebuilt the ruined cathedral of York, and did his utmost for the restoration of the shattered ecclesiastical economy of the great archiepiscopal see of the north. He withstood the attempts of Lanfranc to claim supremacy for the see of Canterbury, but had to succumb. After living to crown Henry I., he died at Ripon on the 18th November, 1100, and was buried at York. The date given in Le Neue's Fasti for the appointment to the archbishopric of York, is the 23rd May, 1070.—Thomas, nephew of the foregoing, succeeded as archbishop of York, Girard, the immediate successor of the first Thomas, and died on the 24th February, 1114.—F. E.
DOVER, Lord. See Ellis, G. J. W. A.
DOW, or DOUW, Gerhard, a celebrated Dutch painter, was born at Leyden in 1613 or 1615, and died in 1680. His chief characteristic is an extraordinary perfection in the minute finishing of every one of his works. Perhaps he owed this to the instruction he received in art, which was first from Bart. Dolendo, an engraver, and then from Peter Konwhoorn, a painter on glass. Having afterwards studied under Rembrandt, he acquired both strength of colouring and power of chiaroscuro. Nevertheless, although much improved by such tuition, he continued spending enormous time on all his works. Thus he admitted having spent five days painting a hand, and three days painting a broomstick. He bestowed the greatest care on the preparation of his colours, in the manufacture, generally his own, of the brushes, and in keeping his works free from dust. His subjects are constantly taken from the every-day occupations of common life, or are portraits. What is most remarkable about this painter is, that, in spite of this finical minuteness, his works do not show the least trace of stiffness or labour. The colour is wonderfully well impasted, and exquisitely fresh. Yet in design and composition Dow was greatly deficient. At thirty years of age the microscopic style of his works had entirely spoiled his sight. From that time he was obliged to use spectacles. He was fond of introducing in his pictures, always, as we have said, exceedingly small, an infinity of minute episodes, which he treated with the same importance as the chief parts of his paintings. The pettiness of his overtinting tendency makes one regret that such a clever artist should have wasted so much of his life in doing that which was beneath his talents and his acquirements. The most famous pictures amongst the many by this artist are the following—"The Dentist," for which he received fourteen thousand florins, and which when sent to Russia was lost in the wreck of the vessel taking it there; "the Dropsical Woman," in Paris, considered by some his masterpiece, and in which even the composition is more interesting and expressive than in the generality of his works; "The Village Grocer;" "The Dutch Cook;" and another "Dentist," also in Paris. At Amsterdam there are a school represented at night, and by candle-light (quite a masterpiece); another effect of light representing a young woman before a window; portraits of a knight and of a lady in a landscape by Berghem; a woman with a child in a cradle, and another before a lamp, are at the Hague. Besides these, some other of Dow's best paintings are to be seen in the collections of London, Florence, Vienna, Brussels, Berlin, Munich, &c.—R. M.
DOWDALL, George, Archbishop of Armagh, and Primate of all Ireland during a very eventful period, sprung from a family who had, throughout several centuries, produced eminent ecclesiastics. In 1321 Nicholas Dowdall was the learned prebendary of Clonmethan; and in 1417 we find Abbot Lucas Dowdall sustaining Lord Furnival in his difficulties. The passion of the family for erudition may be inferred from the fact, that in 1475 Prebendary Dowdall solicited and received a license, for eight years, to master some extra studies at Oxford. George Dowdall was a native of Louth, but the date of his birth is not known. On the death of Primate Cromer in 1542, Henry VIII., who had not at this time renounced his fealty to the Roman see, thought favourably of Dowdall, and, having exerted the royal influence with the deputy St. Leger, Dowdall, then vicar-general of Armagh and prebendary of Saggard, was appointed to the vacant mitre. But a short experience proved to the king that in the new archbishop he had no pliant instrument to deal with. Among the foremost in opposing the Reformation was Primate Dowdall. The deputy, St. Leger, finding that Dowdall and other prelates were disposed to resist the great ecclesiastical revolution, caused writs to be formally addressed to them, in pursuance of which they were summoned to appear before him. The assembly took place at the council chamber in Dublin; but no sooner had St. Leger read the proclamation than Dowdall arose, and in energetic language protested against it as a daring innovation. The primate withdrew from the room accompanied by the entire body of the clergy who were present, with the exception of Browne, archbishop of Dublin; Staples, bishop of Meath; and John Bale, a Carmelite friar, who was shortly after inducted to the see of Ossory. Sir James Crofts succeeded St. Leger as lord-deputy, and anxious to secure, if possible, the co-operation of one who held the highest station in the Irish church, he proposed that an episcopal conference should be held at the residence of Dowdall. The request was acceded to; and Staples, bishop of Meath, advocated the principles of the Reformation, while the primate zealously maintained those of the Roman catholic church. Polemical discussions are seldom attended with any satisfactory result, and the present case was no exception to the general rule. The controversy was marked by great learning and much asperity; and after several days had been consumed in the argument, both parties retired more firmly devoted than ever to their previous professions, and each vehemently claiming the victory. Brennan, the Roman catholic ecclesiastical historian, declares that Staples met with "a signal defeat," and that so intense
