Stony-Stratford, and her attractions of person and manner instantly captivated his affections. It is said, and the known profligacy of Edward renders the report probable, that he tried various means of seduction; but the lady having steadily resisted all proposals of illicit union, he privately married her on the 1st of May, 1464, and in the following year she was acknowledged and crowned. The marriage involved the king in difficulties. (See Edward IV.) Elizabeth died in 1492.—J. B. J.
ELLENBOROUGH, Edward Law, Baron, an eminent English judge, was born on the 16th of November, 1750, at the Cumberland parsonage of Salkeld, of which his father, afterwards bishop of Carlisle, was then rector. After various changes of school and residence he was placed at the Charterhouse, where he displayed the same vigour of character and mixture of hauteur and good-humour which afterwards distinguished him at the bar and on the bench. At eighteen, he was sent to Cambridge, and entered at Peterhouse, of which his father was then master; and he scarcely gained the honours which his industry and ability led his friends to expect for him. He was senior medallist, but only third wrangler. Following the bent of his own disposition, and against the wishes of his father, who strongly desired that he should take holy orders, he entered himself at Lincoln's inn, with a view to the bar; but he first, however, secured his possible retreat by obtaining a fellowship at Trinity college. He was not called to the bar until 1780, having spent the previous five years, as what is called "a special pleader under the bar." He joined the northern circuit, and after seven years, had fought his way to a conspicuous but merely provincial position. In 1787, he emerged at once from metropolitan obscurity to fame. Partly through the recommendation of a brother-in-law, he received a general retainer for Warren Hastings, and entered the lists against the parliamentary managers of the famous impeachment—men such as Burke, Sheridan, and Fox. He conducted the defence with great energy; and in the ninth year of the trial he had the satisfaction of finding his client acquitted by a majority of the peers. This was in 1795, and meanwhile the rising lawyer had given up his early whiggism, in consequence of the "horrors of the French revolution," and ranged himself on the side of Mr. Pitt. On Mr. Pitt's withdrawal from the premiership in 1801, there was a fresh arrangement of legal offices, and the new minister, Mr. Addington, appointed Law attorney-general. He entered, of course, the house of commons; and his voice was always heard loudly in defence of all coercive and repressive measures proposed by the government. In 1802 he succeeded Lord Kenyon as chief-justice of the king's bench, and was raised to the peerage. Though not without faults, he proved a good judge in the main, especially in the department of mercantile law. On the formation of the ministry of "all the talents" in 1806, Lord Ellenborough was offered the great seal, and declined it, but accepted an invitation to enter the cabinet. On the trial of Lord Melville, he sacrificed party to principle, and with great independence recorded an emphatic verdict of "guilty." It devolved upon Lord Ellenborough to preside at the trial of Peltier for a libel upon the first consul, of Leigh Hunt for writing against flogging in the army, of Dr. Watson for high treason, and of Hone for blasphemy. His summings-up were always strongly against persons accused of political or religious heterodoxy, and the acquittal of Hone in 1817 is said to have hastened Lord Ellenborough's death. His health and faculties had been failing for some time, when he resigned, in the September of 1818, the chief-justiceship. He died on the 13th of December following. As a judge and as a legislator Lord Ellenborough belonged to the old school, and steadily resisted every legal and judicial improvement. There is a candid and interesting sketch of him in Lord Campbell's Lives of the Chief Justices.—F. E.
* ELLENBOROUGH, Edward Law, first earl of, son and successor of the preceding, born in 1790, was educated at Eton and St. John's college, Cambridge. Lord privy seal in the Duke of Wellington's administration of 1828, his lordship was appointed president of the board of control in Sir Robert Peel's short-lived ministry of 1834, and reappointed to the post on Sir Robert's reaccession to power in September, 1841. The following month he was nominated governor-general of India in the place of Lord Auckland; and he arrived at Calcutta in the March of 1842, at one of the gloomiest periods of the Affghan war. Lord Ellenborough's first tendency was to recommend the evacuation of Affghanistan, but thanks to the firmness and intrepidity of Generals Pollock and Nott, that step was not taken until the honour of the British arms had been retrieved. The final evacuation of Affghanistan was then announced in a grandiloquent proclamation which was very keenly criticised and commented on at the time. Lord Ellenborough, like his predecessor. Lord Auckland, had gone to India with peace upon his lips. The close of the Affghan war was, however, followed by the annexation of Scinde, and by hostilities with Gwalior, which reduced it from an independent to a protected state. Lord Ellenborough had been governor-general for two years when he was recalled by the court of directors, dissatisfied with his conduct of affairs, and full of alarm at his future policy. The ministry which had sent him to India was, however, opposed to the step taken by the court of directors; and on his return to England he was created an earl, and shortly afterwards appointed by Sir Robert Peel first lord of the admiralty. In Lord Derby's second administration Lord Ellenborough found himself once more at the board of control. But the publication of a despatch from him to the governor-general, severely blaming Lord Canning's policy towards Oude, excited so much indignation in the ranks of the opposition that his retention of office would probably have proved fatal to the government of which he was a member, and accordingly he transmitted his resignation to her majesty. Lord Ellenborough is one of the most impressive orators in the house of peers.—F. E.
* ELLENRIEDER, Maria, a German lady, born in 1791, at Constance, studied painting and engraving first in her native city, and then at Rome, where she acquired a great proficiency in design. On her return to Germany she was called to execute some works at Carlsruhe, which she so well accomplished as to be named painter to that court. After another trip to Rome she at last settled in Munich, where she executed numerous charming works. So much grace was displayed in her pictures as to justify the saying of an artist, that "when she was at work she must have been surrounded by angels."—R. M.
ELLER, Johann Theodor, a German chemist and anatomist, was born at Pletzkan in 1689. He studied at the universities of Jena, Halle, and Leyden, where he enjoyed the tuition of Boerhaave. He afterwards visited the mines and smelting works of Bohemia and the Hartz, and studied metallurgy with great care. We next find him in Paris, where he worked in the laboratories of Homberg and Lemery. He was afterwards called to Berlin, where he became dean of the medical faculty, chief physician to the king and the army, and director of the Berlin Academy. He died in 1760. Filer's chemical papers, inserted in the Transactions of the Berlin Academy, are numerous. He was a phlogistian, and may serve for a good type of the apothecary-like chemists of the last century—a period when the science had lost the visionary grandeur of the middle ages, and not yet reached the philosophic dignity of the present day.—J. W. S.
ELLESMERE, Francis Egerton, first earl of Ellesmere, the second son of the first duke of Sutherland, by his marriage with Elizabeth (in her own right), countess of Sutherland, was born in London on the 1st of January, 1800. Educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, he entered the house of commons as member for the small borough of Bletchingly, which he afterwards exchanged for the county seats of Sutherland and South Lancashire successively. He was a lord of the treasury in 1827, chief secretary for Ireland in 1828-30, and secretary-at-war for a few months in 1830. In 1833, on the death of his father, he inherited the Bridgewater estates; and dropping his patronymic, Lord Francis Leveson Gower, was known as Lord Francis Egerton until in 1848 he was raised to the peerage as Earl of Ellesmere. Lord Ellesmere's first distinctions were gained in the field of authorship, to which as Lord Francis Leveson Gower, and at a time when German literature was just beginning to be studied in England, he contributed the first tolerable English translation of Faust. He published several original poems and translations in prose and verse, chiefly from the German and French. He was also a rather extensive contributor to the Quarterly Review in which he was the first to make known the value and interest of modern Dutch accounts of Japan; and where, in an excellent paper on aqueducts and canals, he gave the first complete and authentic sketch of the duke of Bridgewater, the employer of Brindley, and whose productive property he had inherited. The duke's picture-gallery at Bridgewater house was largely augmented by Lord Ellesmere,
